Statistical Characteristics of Environmental Parameters for Hail over the Two-Step Terrains of China

CAO Yancha;TIAN Fuyou;ZHENG Yongguang;SHENG Jie

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Plateau Meteorology
Plateau Meteorology ›› 2018, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (1) : 185-196. DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2017.00044

Statistical Characteristics of Environmental Parameters for Hail over the Two-Step Terrains of China

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Abstract

Based on the hourly hail observations of 671 stations and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final Analysis (FNL) data from March 1 to September 30 during 2002-2010, the atmospheric environmental conditions for hail over the two-step terrain (shortly for first-step and second-step respectively) areas of China with altitude above sea level of 1 km as the dividing line were analyzed. The hourly hail data and NCEP FNL data were matched by employing a temporal-spatial matching method. Due to the close relationship between hail forming and the height of characteristic temperature layers, the samples were filtered by using height of 0℃ layer above the ground, and then the environmental parameters representing moisture content, instability, and triggers were carefully analyzed, and the scatter plots also were studied. The results show that the environmental moisture conditions, the instability and best convective available potential energy (CAPE) conditions favorable for hails over the two-steps were much different. The hails over the first-step always had stronger instability, more CAPE, more moisture, and stronger vertical wind shear. The main scopes of total precipitable water (PWAT) for hails over the first-step terrain was 15~41 mm, but for the second-step, it was 6~30 mm. Almost no hails reported as PWAT were greater than 56 mm over the two-steps. More than 50% hails over the two-steps occurred under negative best lifted index (BLI) environment. If characterized by best CAPE, the percentage was greater than 75%. No hail was expected when BLI is above 2.8℃ over the two-steps. If measured by the vertical temperature lapse rate (TLR), more than 50% hails happened under high TLR environments. The differences on environmental conditions favorable for hails over the two steps were revealed dramatically by the scatter plots and probability density of parameters. The results provide an objective basis for the subjective and objective hail potential forecasting over the two-step terrains in China.

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Hail / two-step terrain / environmental parame / statistical characte

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CAO Yancha , TIAN Fuyou , ZHENG Yongguang , SHENG Jie. Statistical Characteristics of Environmental Parameters for Hail over the Two-Step Terrains of China. Plateau Meteorology. 2018, 37(1): 185-196 https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2017.00044

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