The land-atmosphere interaction will affect the initiation and development of the convective system, which in turn affects the generation and distribution of precipitation.Understanding and clarifying the impact mechanism is crucial to improving the forecasting technology of convective activities.This paper systematically summarizes the influence mechanism of land-atmosphere interaction on the formation, development of convective systems, generalizes the influence sign and intensity of land-atmosphere interaction, and analyzes the complexity of land-atmosphere interaction on convective activities.Finally, key scientific issues that need to be resolved are put forward.In-depth research is needed in the future, including the influence mechanism of the entire composition process of land-atmosphere interaction on convective activities, the influence mechanism of land-atmosphere interaction forced by different weather systems, scientific evaluation and verification of the influence mechanism, parameterization and coupling of land surface processes and boundary layers process, and the mutual feed mechanism of land-atmosphere interaction and convective activities.The study of these issues can profoundly reveal the mechanism of the influence of land-atmosphere interaction on convective activities, with a view to providing theoretical support for improving and enhancing the forecasting capabilities of convective activities.
LIU Weicheng
,
ZHANG Qiang
,
LIU Xinwei
. The Impact of Land-atmosphere Interaction on the Initiation and Development of Convective Activities: A Review[J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2021
, 40(6)
: 1278
-1293
.
DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2021.zk0019
[1]Agusti-PanaredaA, BalsamoG, BeljaarsA, 2010.Impact of improved soil moisture on the ECMWF precipitation forecast in West Africa[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 37: L20808.DOI: 10.1029/2010GL044748.
[2]Al-BalasmehO I, KarmakerT, 2020.Effect of temperature and precipitation on the vegetation dynamics of high and moderate altitude natural forests in India[J].Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 48(1): 121-144.DOI: 10.1007/s12524-019-01065-8.
[3]AlessandriA, CatalanoF, FeliceM D, alet, 2021.Varying snow and vegetation signatures of surface-albedo feedback on the Northern Hemisphere land warming[J].Environmental Research Letters, 16(3): 034023.DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/abd65f.
[4]AliS, DanL, FuC B, alet, 2015.Performance of convective parameterization schemes in Asia using RegCM: Simulations in Three typical regions for the period 1998-2002[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 32(5): 715-730.DOI: 10.1007/s00376-014-4158-4.
[5]ArtaxoP, RizzoL, BritoJ F, alet, 2013.Atmospheric aerosols in Amazonia and land use change: From natural biogenic to biomass burning conditions[J].Faraday Discussions, 165(D20): 203-235.DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00052d.
[6]AvissarR, PielkeR A, 1989.A parameterization of heterogeneous land surfaces for atmospheric numerical models and its impact on regional meteorology[J].Monthly Weather Review, 117(10): 2113-2136.DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2113: APOHLS>2.0.CO; 2.
[7]BarthlottC, KalthoffN, 2011.A numerical sensitivity study on the impact of soil moisture on convection-related parameters and convective precipitation over complex terrain[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 68(12): 2971-2987.DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-11-027.1.
[8]BaurF, KeilC, CraigG C, 2018.Soil moisture-precipitation coupling over Central Europe: Interactions between surface anomalies at different scales and the dynamical implication[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 144(717): 2863-2875.DOI: 10.1002/qj.3415.
[9]BechtoldP, BazileE, GuichardF, alet, 2001.A mass‐flux convection scheme for regional and global models[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 127(573): 869-886.DOI: 10.1002/qj.49712757309.
[10]BechtoldP, ChaboureauJ P, BeljaarsA, alet, 2004.The simulation of the diurnal cycle of convective precipitation over land in global model[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 130(604): 3119-3137.DOI: 10.1256/qj.03.103.
[11]BettsA K, BallJ H, BeljaarsA, alet, 1996.The land surface-atmosphere interaction: A review based on observational and global modeling perspectives[J].Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres), 101(3): 7209-7226.DOI: 10.1029/95JD02135.
[12]BettsA K, 2009.Land-surface-atmosphere coupling in observations and models[J].Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 1(4): 10.3894/JAMES.2009.1.4.
[13]BirchC E, ParkerD J, MarshamJ H, alet, 2014.A seamless assessment of the role of convection in the water cycle of the West African Monsoon[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 119(6): 2890-2912.DOI: 10.1002/2013JD020887.
[14]BollasinaM, NigamS, 2011.Modeling of regional hydroclimate change over the Indian subcontinent: Impact of the Expanding Thar Desert[J].Journal of Climate, 24(12): 3089-3106.DOI: 10.1175/2010JCLI3851.1.
[15]CharneyJ G, 1975.Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 101(428): 193-202.DOI: 10.1002/qj.49710142802.
[16]ChenT C, WangS Y S, YenM C, 2007.Enhancement of afternoon thunderstorm activity by urbanization in a valley: Taipei[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 46(9): 1324-1340.DOI: 10.1175/JAM2526.1.
[17]CioniG, HoheneggerC, 2017.Effect of soil moisture on diurnal convection and precipitation in large-eddy simulations[J].Journal Of Hydrometeorology, 18(7): 1885-1903.DOI: 10.1175/JHM-D-16-0241.1.
[18]ClarkD B, TaylorC M, ThorpeA J, alet, 2003.The influence of spatial variability of boundary-layer moisture on tropical continental squall lines[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 129(589): 1101-1121.DOI: 10.1256/qj.02.122.
[19]CookB I, BonanG B, LevisS, 2006.Soil moisture feedbacks to precipitation in southern Africa[J].Journal Of Climate, 19(17): 4198-4206.
[20]CrowW T, BergA A, CoshM H, alet, 2012.Upscaling sparse ground-based soil moisture observations for the validation of coarse-resolution satellite soil moisture products[J].Reviews of Geophysics, 50: RG2002.DOI: 10.1029/2011RG000372.
[21]DixonP G, MoteT L, 2003.Patterns and causes of atlanta's urban heat island-initiated precipitation[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 42(9): 1273-1284.DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1273: PACOAU>2.0.CO; 2.
[22]EltahirE A B, 1998.A soil moisture-rainfall feedback mechanism: 1.Theory and observations[J].Water Resources Research, 34(4): 765-776.DOI: 10.1029/97WR03499.
[23]FabryF, 2006.The spatial variability of moisture in the boundary layer and its effect on convection initiation: Project-long characterization[J].Monthly Weather Review, 134(1): 79-91.DOI: 10. 1175/MWR3055.1.
[24]FanJ, ZhangY, LiZ, alet, 2020.Urbanization-induced land and aerosol impacts on sea-breeze circulation and convective precipitation[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 20(22): 14163-14182.DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-14163-2020.
[25]FindellK L, EltahirE A B, 2003.Atmospheric controls on soil moisture-boundary layer interactions.Part II: Feedbacks within the Continental United States[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology, 4(3): 570-583.DOI: 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<0570: ACOSML>2.0.CO; 2.
[26]FordT W, RappA D, QuiringS M, alet, 2015.Soil moisture-precipitation coupling: Observations from the Oklahoma Mesonet and underlying physical mechanisms[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 19(8): 3617-3631.DOI: 10.5194/hess-19-3617-2015.
[27]FujibeF, 2003.Long-term surface wind changes in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area in the afternoon of sunny days in the warm season[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 81(1): 141-149.DOI: 10.2151/jmsj.81.141.
[28]FutyanJ M, GenioA D D, 2007.Deep convective system evolution over Africa and the tropical Atlantic[J].Journal of Climate, 20(20): 5041-5060.DOI: 10.1175/JCLI4297.1.
[29]GallusW A, SegalM, 2000.Sensitivity of forecast rainfall in a Texas convective system to soil moisture and convective parameterization[J].Weather and Forecasting, 15(5): 509-525.DOI: 10.1175/1520-0434(2000)015<0509: SOFRIA>2.0.CO; 2.
[30]GantnerL, KalthoffN, 2010.Sensitivity of a modelled life cycle of a mesoscale convective system to soil conditions over West Africa[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136(supp1): 471-482.DOI: 10.1002/qj.425.
[31]GaoJ D, SmithT T, StensrudD J, alet, 2013.A real time weather adaptive 3DVAR analysis system for severe weather detections and warnings with automatic storm positioning capability[J].Weather and Forecasting, 28(3): 727-745.DOI: 10.1175/WAF-D-12-00093.1.
[32]Garcia-CarrerasL, ParkerD J, MarshamJ H, 2011.What is the mechanism for the modification of convective cloud distributions by land surface-induced flows?[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 68(3): 619-634.DOI: 10.1175/2010JAS3604.1.
[33]GentineP, GarelliA, ParkS B, alet, 2016.Role of surface heat fluxes underneath cold pools[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 43(2): 874-883.DOI: 10.1002/2015GL067262.
[34]GessnerU, KleinI, KuenzerC, alet, 2013.The relationship between precipitation anomalies and satellite-derived vegetation activity in Central Asia[J].Global and Planetary Change, 110(A): 74-87.DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.09.007.
[35]HartleyA, ParkerD J, Garcia-CarrerasL, alet, 2016.Simulation of vegetation feedbacks on local and regional scale precipitation in West Africa[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 222: 59-70.DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.03.001.
[36]HealdC L, SpracklenD V, 2015.Land use change impacts on air quality and climate[J].Chemical Reviews, 115(10): 4476-4496.DOI: 10.1021/cr500446g.
[37]HidalgoJ, MassonV, GimenoL, 2010.Scaling the daytime urban heat island and urban-breeze circulation[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 49(5): 889-901.DOI: 10.1175/2009JAMC2195.1.
[38]HoheneggerC, BrockhausP, BrethertonC S, alet, 2009.The soil moisture-precipitation feedback in simulations with explicit and parameterized convection[J].Journal of Climate, 22(19): 5003-5020.DOI: 10.1175/2009JCLI2604.1.
[39]HouzeR A, 1977.Structure and dynamics of a tropical squall-line system[J].Monthly Weather Review, 105(12): 1540-1567.DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<1540: SADOAT>2.0.CO; 2.
[40]HouzeR A, 2018.100 Years of Research on Mesoscale Convective Systems[J].Meteorological Monographs, 59(1): 1-54.DOI: 10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-18-0001.1.
[41]JirakI L, CottonW R, McanellyR L, 2003.Satellite and radar survey of mesoscale convective system development[J].Monthly Weather Review, 131(10): 2428-2449.
[42]KangS L, BryanG H, 2011.A large-eddy simulation study of moist convection initiation over Heterogeneous surface fluxes[J].Monthly Weather Review, 139(9): 2901-2917.DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-10-05037.1.
[43]KhouiderB, BielloJ, MajdaA J, 2010.A stochastic multicloud model for tropical convection[J].Communications in Mathematical Sciences, 8(1): 187-216.
[44]KleinC, TaylorC M, 2020.Dry soils can intensify mesoscale convective systems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(35): 21132-21137.DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007998117.
[45]KornelsenK, CoulibalyP, 2015.Reducing multiplicative bias of satellite soil moisture retrievals[J].Remote Sensing of Environment, 165: 109-122.DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2015.04.031.
[46]KosterR D, DirmeyerP, GuoZ, alet, 2004.Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation[J].Science, 305(5687): 1138-1140.DOI: 10.1126/science.1100217.
[47]KusakaH, KimuraF, 2004.Thermal effects of urban canyon structure on the Nocturnal Heat Island: Numerical experiment using a mesoscale model coupled with an urban canopy model[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology, 43(12): 1899-1910.DOI: 10. 1175/JAM2169.1.
[48]KuttyG, SandeepS, Vinodkumar, alet, 2018.Sensitivity of convective precipitation to soil moisture and vegetation during break spell of Indian summer monsoon[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 133(3/4): 957-972.DOI: 10.1007/s00704-017-2228-0.
[49]LalD M, PawarS D, 2011.Effect of urbanization on lightning over four metropolitan cities of India[J].Atmospheric Environment, 45(1): 191-196.DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.027.
[50]LetzelM O, RaaschS, 2003.Large eddy simulation of thermally induced oscillations in the convective boundary layer[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 60(18): 2328-2341.DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2328: LESOTI>2.0.CO; 2.
[51]LiuZ, NotaroM, KutzbachJ, alet, 2006.Assessing global vegetation climate feedbacks from observations[J].Journal of Climate, 19(5): 787-814.DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3658.1.
[52]MoriwakiR, KandaM, SenooH, alet, 2008.Anthropogenic water vapor emissions in Tokyo[J].Water Resources Research, 44(11): W11424.DOI: 10.1029/2007WR006624.
[53]NieS, LuoY, ZhuJ, 2008.Trends and scales of observed soil moisture variations in China[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 25(1): 43-58.DOI: 10.1007/s00376-008-0043-3.
[54]PalJ S, EltahirE A B, 2001.Pathways relating soil moisture conditions to future summer rainfall within a model of the land-atmosphere system[J].Journal of Climate, 14(6): 1227-1242.DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1227: PRSMCT>2.0.CO; 2.
[55]ParkerM D, JohnsonR H, 2000.Organizational modes of midlatitude mesoscale convective systems[J].Monthly Weather Review, 128(10): 3413-3436.DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<3413: OMOMMC>2.0.CO; 2.
[56]PielkeR A, 1974.A comparison of three-dimensional and two-dimensional numerical predictions of sea breezes[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 31(6): 1577-1585.DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1577: ACOTDA>2.0.CO; 2.
[57]PielkeR A, 2001.Influence of the spatial distribution of vegetation and soils on the prediction of cumulus Convective rainfall[J].Reviews of Geophysics, 39(2): 151-177.DOI: 10.1029/1999RG000072.
[58]PielkeR A, AdegokeJ O, Beltran-PrzekuratA, alet, 2007.An overview of regional land-use and land-cover impacts on rainfall[J].Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 59(3): 587-601.DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00251.x.
[59]RabinR, StensrudD, StadlerS, alet, 1990.Observed effects of landscape variability on convective clouds[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 3(71): 272-280.DOI: 10. 1175/1520-0477(1990)0712.0.CO; 2.
[60]RoyS B, AvissarR, 2002.Impact of land use/land cover change on regional hydrometeorology in Amazonia[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 107(D20): 8037.DOI: 10.1029/2000JD000266.
[61]RyuY H, BaikJ J, HanJ Y, 2013.Daytime urban breeze circulation and its interaction with convective cells[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 139(671): 401-413.DOI: 10.1002/qj.1973.
[62]SalvucciG D, SaleemJ A, KaufmannR, 2002.Investigating soil moisture feedbacks on precipitation with tests of Granger causality[J].Advances in Water Resources, 25(8/12): 1305-1312.DOI: 10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00057-X.
[63]SantanelloJ A, Peters-LidardC D, KumarS, alet, 2013.Diagnosing the nature of land-atmosphere coupling: a case study of dry/wet extremes in the US Southern Great Plains[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology, 14(1): 3-24.DOI: 10.1175/jhm-d-12-023.1.
[64]SantanelloJ A, DirmeyerP, FergusonC R, alet, 2017.Land-Atmosphere Interactions: The LoCo Perspective[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 99(6): 1253-1272.DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0001.1.
[65]SchulzJ P, VogelG, BeckerC, alet, 2016.Evaluation of the ground heat flux simulated by a multi-layer land surface scheme using high-quality observations at grass land and bare soil[J].Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 25(5): 607-620.DOI: 10.1127/metz/2016/0537.
[66]SegalM, ArrittR W, 1992.Nonclassical mesoscale circulations caused by surface sensible heat-flux gradients[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 73(10): 1593-1604.DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1992)073 <1593: NMCCBS>2.0.CO; 2.
[67]SegalM, ArrittR W, ClarkC, alet, 1995.Scaling evaluation of the effect of surface characteristics on potential for deep convection over uniform terrain[J].Monthly Weather Review, 123(2): 383-400.DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<0383: SEOTEO>2.0.CO; 2.
[68]SeneviratneS I, CortiT, DavinE L, alet, 2010.Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate: A review[J].Earth-Science Reviews, 99(3/4): 125-161.DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004.
[69]ShawW J, DoranJ C, 2001.Observations of systematic boundary layer divergence patterns and their relationship to land use and topography[J].Journal of Climate, 14(8): 1753-1764.DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1753: OOSBLD>2.0.CO; 2.
[70]ShephardJ M, 2005.A review of current investigations of urban-induced rainfall and recommendations for the future[J].Earth Interactions, 9(12).DOI: 10.1175/EI156.1.
[71]SouzaE P, RennóN O, DiasM A F S, 2000.Convective circulations induced by surface heterogeneities[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 57(17): 2915-2922.DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2915: CCIBSH>2.0.CO; 2.
[72]SunG, HuZ, MaY, alet, 2021.Analysis of local land atmosphere coupling characteristics over Tibetan Plateau in the dry and rainy seasons using observational data and ERA5[J].Science of The Total Environment, 774: 145138.DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv. 2021.145138.
[73]SunJ, PritchardM S, 2018.Effects of explicit convection on land surface air temperature and land-atmosphere coupling in the thermal feedback pathway[J].Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 10(10): 2376-2392.DOI: 10.1029/2018MS001301.
[74]TaylorC M, 2015.Detecting soil moisture impacts on convective initiation in Europe[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 42(11): 4631-4638.DOI: 10.1002/2015GL064030.
[75]TaylorC M, HarrisP P, ParkerD J, 2010.Impact of soil moisture on the development of a Sahelian mesoscale convective system: A case-study from the AMMA Special Observing Period[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136(1): 456-470.DOI: 10.1002/qj.465.
[76]TaylorC M, PrigentC, DadsonS J, 2018.Mesoscale rainfall patterns observed around wetlands in sub-Saharan Africa[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 144(716): 2118-2132.DOI: 10.1002/qj.3311.
[77]TaylorC M, BirchC E, ParkerD J, alet, 2013.Modeling soil moisture-precipitation feedback in the Sahel: Importance of spatial scale versus convective parameterization[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 40(23): 6213-6218.DOI: 10.1002/2013GL058511.
[78]TaylorC M, GounouA, GuichardF, alet, 2011.Frequency of Sahelian storm initiation enhanced over mesoscale soil-moisture patterns[J].Nature Geoscience, 4(7): 430-433.DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1173.
[79]TaylorC M, LambinE F, StephenneN, alet, 2002.The influence of land use change on climate in the Sahel[J].Journal of Climate, 15(24): 3615-3659.DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<3615: TIOLUC>2.0.CO; 2.
[80]TaylorC M, LebelT, 1998.Observational evidence of persistent convective-scale rainfall patterns[J].Monthly Weather Review, 126(6): 1597-1607.DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<1597: OEOPCS>2.0.CO; 2.
[81]TuttleS E, SalvucciG D, 2017.Confounding factors in determining causal soil moisture-precipitation feedback[J].Water Resources Research, 53(7): 5531-5544.DOI: 10.1002/2016WR019869.
[82]TuttleS, SalvucciG, 2016.Empirical evidence of contrasting soil moisture-precipitation feedbacks across the United States[J].Science, 352(6287): 825-828.DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa7185.
[83]WangG L, KimY, WangD G, 2007.Quantifying the strength of soil moisture-precipitation coupling and its sensitivity to changes in surface water budget[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology, 8(3): 551-570.DOI: 10.1175/JHM573.1.
[84]WangaJ, ChagnonaF J F, WilliamsaE R, alet, 2009.Impact of deforestation in the Amazon basin on cloud climatology[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(10): 3670-3674.DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810156106.
[85]WeltyJ, ZengX, 2018.Does soil moisture affect warm season precipitation over the Southern Great Plains?[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 45(15): 7866-7873.DOI: 10.1029/2018GL078598.
[86]WeverbergK V, LipzigN V, LeuvenK, alet, 2010.Sensitivity of quantitative precipitation forecast to soil moisture initialization and microphysics parametrization[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136(649): 978-996.DOI: 10. 1002/qj.611.
[87]WilliamsI N, 2019.Evaluating Soil Moisture Feedback on Convective Triggering: Roles of Convective and Land-Model Parameterizations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 124(1): 317-332.DOI: 10.1029/2018JD029326.
[88]YanoJ I, SoaresP M, K?hlerM, alet, 2015.The convective parameterization problem: breadth and depth[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96(8): ES127-ES130.DOI: 10. 1175/BAMS-D-14-00134.1.
[89]YuE, WangH, SunJ, alet, 2013.Climatic response to changes in vegetation in the Northwest Hetao Plain as simulated by the WRF model[J].International Journal of Climatology, 33(6): 1470-1481.DOI: 10.1002/joc.3527.
[90]YuanG H, ZhangL, LiuY B, 2021.Impacts of soil moisture and atmospheric moisture transport on the precipitation in two typical regions of China[J].Atmospheric Research, 247: 105151.DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105151.
[91]黄丽萍, 陈德辉, 邓莲堂, 等, 2017.GRAPES_Meso V4.0主要技术改进和预报效果检验[J].应用气象学报, 28(1): 25-37.DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20170103.
[92]黄倩, 田文寿, 王文, 等, 2007.复杂山区上空垂直速度场和热力对流活动的理想数值模拟[J].气象学报, 65(3): 341-352.DOI: 10.3321/j.issn: 0577-6619.2007.03.004.
[93]江志红, 叶丽梅, 2010.近十年南京城市热岛演变的遥感研究[J].南京信息工程大学学报 (自然科学版), 2(2): 148-154.
[94]李文静, 罗斯琼, 郝晓华, 等, 2021.青藏高原东部不同季节积雪过程对地表能量和土壤水热影响的观测研究[J].高原气象, 40(3): 455-471.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2020.00001.
[95]李昀英, 宇如聪, 傅云飞, 等, 2008.一次热对流降水成因的分析和模拟[J].气象学报, 66(2): 190-202.DOI: 10.3321/j.issn: 0577-6619.2008.02.006.
[96]马红云, 宋洁, 郭品文, 等, 2011.基于MODIS数据的土地覆盖资料对长三角城市群区域夏季高温模拟的影响评估[J].气象科学, 31(4): 460-465.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0827.2011. 04.013.
[97]马雷鸣, 鲍旭炜, 2017.数值天气预报模式物理过程参数化方案的研究进展[J].地球科学进展, 32(7): 679-687.DOI: 10. 11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.07.0679.
[98]蒙伟光, 李昊睿, 张艳霞, 等, 2012.珠三角城市环境对对流降水影响的模拟研究[J].大气科学, 36(5): 1063-1076.DOI: 10. 3878/j.issn.1006-9895.
[99]蒙伟光, 闫敬华, 扈海波, 2007.城市化对珠江三角洲强雷暴天气的可能影响[J].大气科学, 31(2): 364-376.
[100]沈学顺, 苏勇, 胡江林, 等, 2017.GRAPES_GFS全球中期预报系统的研发和业务化[J].应用气象学报, 28(1): 1-10.DOI: 10. 11898/1001-7313.20170101.
[101]沈学顺, 王建捷, 李泽椿, 等, 2020.中国数值天气预报的自主创新发展[J].气象学报, 78(3): 451-476.DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2020.030.
[102]苏有琦, 张宇, 宋敏红, 等, 2020.基于实测土壤属性CLM4.5对青藏高原高寒草甸模拟性能的评估[J].高原气象, 39(6): 1295-1308.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2019.000136.
[103]孙继松, 戴建华, 何立富, 等, 2014.强对流天气预报的基本原理与技术方法[M].北京: 气象出版社.
[104]孙萌宇, 郄秀书, 刘冬霞, 等, 2020.北京地区闪电活动与气溶胶浓度的关系研究[J].地球物理学报, 63(5): 1766-1774.DOI: 10.6038/cjg2020N0095.
[105]唐文苑, 周庆亮, 刘鑫华, 等, 2017.国家级强对流天气分类预报检验分析[J].气象, 43(1): 67-76.DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526. 2017.01.007.
[106]王宇轩, 奥银焕, 李照国, 等, 2021.黑河中下游不同类型下垫面的能量收支差异及其成因研究[J].高原气象, 40(3): 495-509.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2020.00100.
[107]魏永恒, 范广洲, 2020.青藏高原土壤湿度对一次对流降水影响的昼夜对比分析[J].成都信息工程大学学报, 35(1): 96-103.
[108]吴学珂, 郄秀书, 袁铁, 2013.亚洲季风区深对流系统的区域分布和日变化特征[J].中国科学(地球科学), 43(4): 556-569.DOI: 10.1007/s11430-012-4551-8.
[109]徐阳阳, 刘树华, 胡非, 等, 2009.北京城市化发展对大气边界层特性的影响[J].大气科学, 33(4): 859-867.
[110]杨显玉, 文军, 王大勇, 等, 2016.一次甘肃强降水过程的数值模拟与诊断分析[J].高原气象, 35(3): 726-733.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2015.00048.
[111]殷雷, 孙鉴泞, 刘罡, 2011.地表非均匀加热影响对流边界层湍流特征的大涡模拟研究[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版), 47(6): 643-656.
[112]俞小鼎, 周小刚, 王秀明, 2012.雷暴与强对流临近天气预报技术进展[J].气象学报, 70(3): 311-337.DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2012.030.
[113]俞小鼎, 郑永光, 2020.中国当代强对流天气研究与业务进展[J].气象学报, 78(3): 391-418.DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2020.035.
[114]曾剑, 张强, 2012.2008年7-9月中国北方不同下垫面晴空陆面过程特征差异[J].气象学报, 70(4): 821-836.DOI: 10.11676/qxxb2012.068.
[115]张强, 王蓉, 岳平, 等, 2017a.复杂条件陆-气相互作用研究领域有关科学问题探讨[J].气象学报, 75(1): 39-56.DOI: 10. 11676/qxxb2017.003.
[116]张强, 张红丽, 张良, 等, 2017b.论我国夏季风影响过渡区及其陆—气相互作用问题[J].地球科学进展, 32(10): 1009-1019.DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2017.10.1009.
[117]张珊, 黄刚, 王君, 等, 2015.城市地表特征对京津冀地区夏季降水的影响研究[J].大气科学, 39(5): 911-925.DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1411.14199.
[118]张文君, 宇如聪, 周天军, 2008.中国土壤湿度的分布与变化II.耦合模式模拟结果评估[J].大气科学, 32(5): 1128-1146.DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2008.05.12.
[119]郑永光, 周康辉, 盛杰, 等, 2015.强对流天气监测预报预警技术进展[J].应用气象学报, 26(6): 641-657.DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20150601.