Drought is a widespread climate phenomenon throughout the world, as well as one of the natural disasters that seriously impact agricultural. The frequency, intensity and impact of drought are increasing with the global warming, which bring severe challenges to food and ecological security. It is significant for global food and ecological security and sustainable development to strengthen the research and development of drought monitoring and assessment technology to improve the level of drought monitoring and early drought warning. Satellite remote sensing technology can obtain drought information widely, quickly and dynamically; Meanwhile it can cover the shortage of discontinuous and point-to-area of discrete ground sites monitoring space on the ground effectively. In this paper, we select the Longdong rain-fed agricultural area with precipitation of 400~600 mm in the semi-humid climate area in Gansu Province, Northwest China, to evaluate the drought situation of winter wheat in different years using satellite remote sensing data objectively and quantitatively. Based on NASA GIMMS NDVI data from 1981 to 2006 together with precipitation, soil moisture and winter wheat yield data of the same period, the characteristics of winter wheat NDVI and the relationship with precipitation, soil moisture and growth period in these 25 years were analyzed. Furthermore, a new index WWDI (Winter Wheat Drought Index) is proposed, which can objectively and quantitatively evaluate the winter wheat drought situation during the whole growth period. This index considers the slow development of drought and the gradual accumulation of impacts on crops, and implies the robustness of crop growth. The accuracy of WWDI was tested use meteorological data, winter wheat yield and historical Yearbook data. The results showed that:(1) The WWDI can monitor the drought degree of winter wheat during whole growth period. 1995, 2000 and 1992 were the worst drought years that winter wheat suffered in the study area, and the drought degree of winter wheat was corresponding with its meteorological conditions and actual agricultural production. (2) The WWDI has a very significant correlation with winter wheat yield (p < 0.001) and WWDI can be used as an index to evaluate quantitatively the drought status of winter wheat during the whole growth period.
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