1 引言
2 资料来源和方法介绍
2.1 资料来源
2.2 广义平衡反馈分析方法(GEFA)
3 结果与分析
3.1 雪灾频数时空特征
3.2 海温异常对雪灾变率强迫作用的诊断
图2 1978 -2014年青藏高原冬半年雪灾频数年际变化时间序列与全球 SSTA场的相关分布阴影为通过显著水平为95%的显著性检验 Fig.2 Correlation distribution between the interannual variation time series of snow disaster frequency on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the global SSTA field in winter half year from 1978 to 2014.The shadow indicates the area that has passed the significance test at 95% level |
表 1 各海区 SSTA 前三个模态的方差贡献率及其累积贡献率Table1 The variance contribution rate and cumulative contribution rate of the first three SST modes |
| 空间模态 | 贡献率/% | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TP | TI | SI | SP | |
| EOF1 | 72.5 | 52.1 | 27.5 | 40.1 |
| EOF2 | 12.8 | 12.4 | 21.4 | 12.5 |
| EOF3 | 4.0 | 9.8 | 11.8 | 9.4 |
| EOF1+2+3 | 89.3 | 74.3 | 60.7 | 62.0 |
表2 各海区 SSTA 前三个模态响应振幅及蒙特卡洛检验统计表Table 2 Statistic table of response amplitude and Monte Carlo test of the first three SSTA modes |
| 统计项目 | TP1 | TP2 | TP3 | TI1 | TI2 | TI3 | SI1 | SI2 | SI3 | SP1 | SP2 | SP3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蒙特卡洛检验 | 90.9 | 29.0 | 25.6 | 64.5 | 92.2 | 20.0 | 98.4 | 90.1 | 79.1 | 70.5 | 71.8 | 94.6 |
| 响应振幅/次 | 3.6* | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 3.9* | 0.3 | 4.5* | -3.5* | 2.6 | 1.8 | -1.8 | 2.3* |
*代表响应振幅通过90%蒙特卡洛显著性检验 |
图4 热带太平洋(TP1, TP2, TP3)、 热带印度洋(TI1, TI2, TI3)、 南印度洋(SI1, SI2, SI3)、 南太平洋(SP1, SP2, SP3)4个海区海温前三个模态的高原雪灾频数GEFA响应振幅空心柱代表模态响应振幅通过90%蒙特卡洛显著性检验 Fig.4 GEFA response amplitude of Plateau snow disaster frequency for the first three modalities of SST in tropical Pacific (TP1, TP2, TP3), tropical Indian Ocean (TI1, TI2, TI3), South Indian Ocean (SI1, SI2, SI3) and South Pacific (SP1, SP2, SP3).The hollow column represents the amplitude of modal response that have passed the 90% Monte Carlo significance test |
3.3 关键SSTA模影响雪灾生成的可能过程
图6 冬半年典型多雪灾年500 hPa高度场合成异常场(a, 单位: ×10 gpm)及高度场对赤道太平洋第一空间模态的GEFA响应(b, 单位: ×10 gpm·℃-1)阴影区为通过90%的显著性检验的区域 Fig.6 The 500 hPa height field of the composed anomaly field (a, unit: ×10 gpm) and the GEFA response of the height field to the first spatial mode of the equatorial Pacific Ocean (b, unit: ×10 gpm·℃-1) in a typical snowy disaster year in winter half year.The shadow area is the area that passes the 90% significance test |
图7 冬半年多雪灾年600 hPa湿度场(等值线, 单位: %)与风场(矢量, 单位: m·s-1)合成异常场(a)和湿度场对热带印度洋第二空间模态 (b, 单位: %·℃-1)的GEFA响应阴影区为通过90%的显著性检验的区域 Fig.7 The combination of 600 hPa humidity field (isoline, unit: %) and wind field (vector, unit: m·s-1) into anomaly field (a) and 600 hPa humidity field to the GEFA response of tropical Indian Ocean second spatial mode (b, unit: %·℃-1) in a multi-snow disaster year in winter half year.The shadow area is the area that passes the 90% significance test |