Application Analysis on the Characteristics of Doppler Radar V-shaped gap in Hail Forecasting and Warning

  • Laping LI ,
  • Shuhua YANG ,
  • Jieli LIU ,
  • Qi ZHAO ,
  • Xiaoqiang LI ,
  • Jiayuan WANG
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  • Datong Meteorological Bureau of Shanxi Province,Datong 037010,Shanxi,China

Received date: 2023-10-26

  Revised date: 2024-01-19

  Online published: 2024-01-19

Abstract

Using the basic data from four C-band Doppler weather radars and ground observation data in Shanxi province, the statistical analysis of the V-shaped gap features observed in Shanxi from 2009 to 2017 was conducted.The correspondence between V-shaped gap observed by Doppler radar and hailfall was investigated, and the forecasting and warning indicators for hail using V-shaped gap features were summarized.Real-time operational applications were carried out from 2018 to 2022 to validate and refine forecasting and warning indicators of the V-shaped gap.The results indicate that hailfall begins after the appearance of V-shaped gap and ends before their disappearance.There is no significant correlation between the probability of hailfall and the initial height of V-shaped gap.When the corresponding updraft height of V-shaped gap is ≤4 km, hailfall does not occur.The ideal observation elevation angle for V-shaped gap ranges from 2.4°to 6.0°, with 2.4°being the optimal angle.The strongest phase of hailfall is characterized by a "butterfly-shaped" intense echo region.The predictive indicators and focal points during the initial stage of hail forecasting and early warning include: (1) the presence of a weak or marginally weak echo region when a V-shaped gap appears; (2) a length of the V-shaped gap along the radial direction > 30 km, or an initial length of the V-shaped gap along the radial direction <30 km and an updraft extending above 4 km; (3) average radial velocity showing low-level convergence and high-level divergence characteristics.Meeting these three criteria can predict the occurrence of hail.If a V-shaped gap is first observed at a 6.0° angle, a forecast can be made for the occurrence of large hailstones (with a diameter greater than 1 cm), and an immediate forecasting and warning signal can be issued.The predictive indicators and focal points during the duration of hail include: (1) continuous decrease in the height of the strong echo center > 50 dBZ and echo top > 10 km; (2) a slanted weak echo region corresponding to the V-shaped gap, with high-level divergence and low-level convergence characteristics in the average radial velocity field; (3) stable maintenance of the weak echo region or marginally weak echo region; (4) continuous occurrence of hail can be predicted when the V-shaped gap is observed at a 0.5° angle, and an increase in hail intensity can be foreseen when the strong echo region exhibits a "butterfly" shape; (5) When the maximum vertical liquid water content exceeds 22 kg·m-2, the vertical liquid water content jump increment exceeds 26 kg·m-2, and the vertical liquid water content density exceeds 3.6 g·m-3, the probability of hail is high.

Cite this article

Laping LI , Shuhua YANG , Jieli LIU , Qi ZHAO , Xiaoqiang LI , Jiayuan WANG . Application Analysis on the Characteristics of Doppler Radar V-shaped gap in Hail Forecasting and Warning[J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2024 , 43(3) : 749 -761 . DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2024.00008

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