1 引言
2 数据来源与方法介绍
2.1 数据来源和仪器介绍
图1 研究区地基GPS测站(黑点)和探空站(红点)分布彩色区代表地形高度(单位: m), 红色点代表探空和地基GPS同址站点, A和B红色矩形区域分别为南疆西部地区和南疆东部区域水汽流入和流出计算区域 Fig.1 Distribution of ground-based GPS stations (black dots) and sounding stations (red dots) in study area.The colored area represents height (unit: m).The red dots denotes sounding and GPS stations with same location.The red rectangle A and B represent the calculation area of water vapor in and out for western and eastern part of southern Xinjiang area, respectively |
表1 地基GPS站点信息Table 1 The equipment information at ground-based GPS station |
| 站名 | 站号 | 经度/(°E) | 纬度/(°N) | 海拔/m | 站名 | 站号 | 经度/(°E) | 纬度/(°N) | 海拔/m |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 阿克陶县布伦口乡 | Y6051 | 38.65 | 74.95 | 3320.4 | 库尔勒塔什店煤矿 | Y5873 | 86.19 | 41.86 | 1129 |
| 塔什库尔干 | 51804 | 37.78 | 75.23 | 3093.7 | 于田皮什盖村 | Y6252 | 82.05 | 36.51 | 2415 |
| 和田尕宗水库 | Y6229 | 37.10 | 79.90 | 1393 | 铁干里克 | 51765 | 40.63 | 87.7 | 847.1 |
| 和田 | 51828 | 37.13 | 79.93 | 1374.7 | 若羌 | 51777 | 39.03 | 88.17 | 889.3 |
| 叶城 | 51814 | 37.92 | 77.4 | 1360 | 塔中 | 51747 | 39 | 83.66 | 1099 |
| 乌恰 | 51705 | 39.72 | 75.25 | 2177.5 | 且末 | 51855 | 38.15 | 85.55 | 1248.4 |
| 喀什 | 51709 | 39.47 | 75.98 | 1290.7 | 库尔勒 | 51656 | 41.75 | 86.13 | 932.7 |
| 巴楚 | 51716 | 39.8 | 78.57 | 1117.4 | 库车 | 51644 | 41.72 | 83.07 | 1082.9 |
| 乌什 | 51627 | 41.22 | 79.23 | 1396.7 |
2.2 相关性分析方法介绍
2.3 降水转化率计算方法介绍
2.4 水汽收支方法介绍
2.5 GPS大气可降水量资料适用性分析
图2 若羌站(a、 b)、 喀什站(c、 d)、 和田站(e、 f)2019年6 -8月08:00和20:00 GPS大气可降水量GPS-PWV(单位: mm)和探空计算大气可降水量RS-PWV(单位: mm)时间变化(左)和散点分布图(右)右图中红色实线代表1∶1线, 黑色实线为线性回归拟合线 Fig.2 The time series (left) and scatter plots (right) of precipitable water vapor (unit: mm) from GPS (GPS-PWV) and sounding stations (RS-PWV) for Ruoqiang(a, b), Kashi (c, d) and Hetian station (e, f) at 08:00 and 20:00 from June to August 2019.The red solid line and the black solid line in right represent the 1∶1 line, and the linear regression fitting line, respectively |
3 塔里木盆地及其周边地区大气可降水量分布特征
3.1 大气可降水量年、 季节空间和垂直分布特征
图3 研究区年平均大气可降水量空间分布(a, 单位: mm)、 测站海拔(单位: m)和测站降水转化率(单位: %)变化图(b), 测站海拔(单位: m)与年平均大气可降水量(c, 单位: mm)、 季节平均大气可降水量(d, 单位: mm)的散点分布(a)中灰色实线和虚线分别为海拔1500 m和3000 m 的等高线 Fig.3 The spatial distribution of annual mean PWV (a, unit: mm), the variation of the altitude (unit: m) and precipitation conversion (unit: %) of the stations (b), the scatter of altitude (unit: m) and annual mean PWV (c, unit: mm) and seasonal mean PWV (d, unit: mm). The grey solid and dotted line in fig 3a for contour line of terrain height of 1500 m and 3000 m, respectively |
图4 春季(a)、 夏季(b)、 秋季(c)、 冬季(d)大气可降水量(单位: mm)空间分布灰色实线和虚线分别为海拔1500 m和3000 m的等高线 Fig.4 The spacial distribution of seasonal mean PWV (unit: mm) in spring (a), summer (b), autumn (c), winter (d).The grey solid and dotted line for contour line of terrain height of 1500 m and 3000 m, respectively |
3.2 大气可降水量月变化和日变化特征
图5 区域A和区域B的地基GPS测站平均大气可降水量(柱状, 单位: mm)和变化率(折线, 单位: %)的月变化(a); 海拔低于1300 m(b)和高于1300 m(c)的地基GPS测站大气可降水量(单位: mm)月变化Fig.5 Monthly variations of GPS-PWV (columnar, unit: mm) and rate of change (contour, unit: %) in region A and B (a); Monthly variations of GPS-PWV (unit: mm) in stations with altitude below 1300 m (b) and over 1300 m (c) |
图6 沿图1红色矩形计算的区域A(a)和区域B(b)2018 -2022年整层水汽流入(单位: ×106 kg·s-1)月变化;2018 -2022年7月(c)和8月(d)整层平均大气水汽输送通量(矢量和彩色区, 单位: kg·m-1·s-1)分布(c)和(d)中红色矩形代表塔里木盆地 Fig.6 Monthly variations of integrated water vapor inflow (unit: ×106 kg·s-1) in regions A (a) and B (b) calculated along the red rectangle in figure 1; The distribution of monthly mean integrated water vapor flux (vector and shaded, unit: kg·m-1·s-1) in July (c) and August (d) from 2018 to 2022.The red rectangle in (c) and (d) represents the Tarim basin |
图7 区域A和区域B地基GPS测站平均大气可降水量(PWV, 单位: mm)日变化(a); (b)区域A和区域B地基GPS测站平均PWV日峰值出现时间月变化(b); 区域A(c)和区域B(d)测站有降水日、 无降水日平均PWV及降水频次日变化Fig.7 The diurnal variations of average precipitable water vapor (PWV, unit: mm) in the regions A and B (a); the monthly variations of the occurred time of PWV peak value in the regions A and B (b); the diurnal variations of PWV (unit: mm) in rain days and no rain days and frequency of precipitation at stations in the region A(c)and region B(d) |
4 大气可降水量与降水的关系
表2 塔里木盆地及周边地区气象观测站点数和天气过程样本数Table 2 Number of meteorological observation stations and sample number of weather processes in Tarim basin and its surrounding area |
| 季节 | 7站天气过程总样本数/个 | |
|---|---|---|
| 区域A | 区域B | |
| 春季 | 126 | 67 |
| 夏季 | 292 | 178 |
| 秋季 | 90 | 54 |
| 冬季 | 59 | 35 |
4.1 研究区测站ΔPWV峰值与降水开始时刻关系
图8 区域A 7个GPS测站降水开始时刻前后24 h ΔPWV(单位: mm)平均值变化(a)乌什, (b)乌恰, (c)巴楚, (d)塔什库尔干, (e)和田, (f)叶城, (g)喀什, Np, Nu, Na, Nw分别代表春季、 夏季、 秋季和冬季降水天气过程样本数 Fig.8 The variations of mean ΔPWV diurnal cycle anomalies(unit: mm) during 24 h before and after the onset of precipitation at seven stations in region A.(a) Wushi, (b) Wuqia, (c) Bachu, (d) Tashikuergan, (e) Hetian, (f) Yecheng, (g) Kashi.Np, Nu, Na, Nw for the samples number of precipitation weather processes in spring, summer, autumn and winter |
图9 区域B 7个GPS测站降水开始时刻前后24 h ΔPWV(单位: mm)平均值变化(a)库车, (b)库尔勒, (c)若羌, (d)于田, (e)铁干里克, (f)且末, (g)塔中, Np, Nu, Na, Nw分别代表春季、 夏季、 秋季和冬季降水天气过程样本数 Fig.9 The variations of mean ΔPWV diurnal cycle anomalies(unit: mm) during 24 h before and after the onset of precipitation at seven stations in region B.(a) Kuche, (b) Kuerle, (c) Ruoqiang, (d) Yutian, (e) Tieganlike, (f) Qiemo, (g) Tazhong.Np, Nu, Na, Nw for the samples number of precipitation weather processes in spring, summer, autumn and winter |
4.2 降水前 6 h 研究区测站大气水汽含量与月平均值倍数分布
表3 春季区域A测站降水前6 h内σPWV峰值提前降水开始时间的天气过程次数分布Table 3 The sample number of precipitation weather processes when the peak value of σPWV appeared within 6 hours before precipitation in spring in region A |
| σPWV峰值提前 降水开始时间/h | 降水前6 h内σPWV峰值 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 | 1~1.2 | 1.2~1.4 | 1.4~1.6 | 1.6~1.8 | 1.8~2.0 | 2.0~2.2 | 2.2~2.4 | 2.4~2.6 | 2.6~2.8 | 2.8~3.0 | >3 | |
| -1 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| -2 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| -3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| -4 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| -5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| -6 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 15 | 12 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
表4 夏季区域A和区域B测站降水前6 h内σPWV峰值提前降水开始时间的天气过程次数分布Table 4 The sample number of precipitation weather processes when the peak value of σPWV appeared within 6 hours before precipitation in summer in region A and region B |
| σPWV峰值 提前降水 开始时间/h | 降水前6 h内σPWV峰值 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 区域 A | 区域 B | |||||||||||||
| <1 | 1~1.2 | 1.2~1.4 | 1.4~1.6 | 1.6~1.8 | 1.8~2.0 | >2 | <1 | 1~1.2 | 1.2~1.4 | 1.4~1.6 | 1.6~1.8 | 1.8~2.0 | >2 | |
| -1 | 3 | 11 | 25 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 14 | 9 | 11 | 0 | 0 |
| -2 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| -3 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
| -4 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
| -5 | 1 | 6 | 26 | 16 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 12 | 12 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
| -6 | 1 | 11 | 35 | 37 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 9 | 30 | 13 | 1 | 0 |