Flood disasters are among the most serious natural disasters in the Haihe River Basin，inflicting substantial damage on infrastructure，electricity，transportation，agriculture，and other critical sectors. It has always been given great attention and concern by various flood control decision-making departments. The western and northern parts of the Haihe River Basin are mountainous and plateaus，while the southeastern part is the North China Plain with gentle terrain. The transition zone between the mountainous area and the plain is relatively short，and the river channels have short sources，rapid flow，and large flood flow velocity. The propagation time of floods is short，with the longest time from rainfall in the mountainous area to the occurrence of floods at the river outlet not exceeding 1~2 days，and the shortest time being only a few hours. This makes floods in the basin characterized by a short lead time and strong suddenness. Heavy rain is the most direct and fundamental cause of flood disasters. In this study，hydrological and meteorological data are used to select and analyze the characteristics of historical flood-causing rainstorms in the Haihe River basin. Based on hydrological monitoring data in the Haihe River Basin，daily precipitation data from national meteorological stations，and ERA5 global reanalysis data，refered to the recommended design flood revision results and corresponding peak discharge design values specified in the Haihe River Water Conservancy Commission's "Recommended Results Table of Design Flood Re‐ vision in the Haihe River Basin"，historical extreme floods，major floods，and moderate floods in the Haihe River Basin since 1952 were selected and analyzed. According to the number of hydrological stations with flood and the time interval between flood occurrences，the flood can be divided into regional flood and local flood. Analy‐ sis on the frequency of flood with time and the frequency distribution of historical flood in different river systems，The temporal and spatial characteristics of historical flood in Haihe River Basin are obtained. The results indicate that extreme floods，major floods，and moderate floods in the basin over the past 70 years all occurred in July and August，and there are two peak points in the frequency of flood occurrences，which is related to the movement and intensity changes of the summer monsoon climate；Geographically，the occurrence of floods in the basin shows a northeast-southwest trend，with the characteristics of more occurrences in the south and fewer in the north，and more occurrences in the west and fewer in the east. Analysis of the basin's topographical features shows that the river systems on the leeward slopes in the mountainous areas，with long river sources and large drainage areas，are relatively easy to control，while the river systems on the windward slopes have dispersed tributaries，short sources，rapid flow，and strong suddenness，making them relatively difficult to control. Moreover，the windward areas of the Taihang Mountains and the Yan Mountains are also concentrated areas of heavy rain，leading to sharp rises in river levels，concentrated flood volumes，high flood peaks，and short historical durations. Therefore，extremely large floods are most likely to occur in the central and southern parts of the basin. Furthermore，statistical analysis on the historical flood distribution and interannual variation of precipitation anomaly in the Haihe River Basin from 1952 to 2020 shows that over 80% of individual flood events and 100% of regional floods occurred in years with above-average precipitation. The inter-decadal fluctuations in the number of historical floods exhibit a "more-less-more-less" stage-wise characteristic，which is consistent with the characteristics of summer precipitation changes in North China. Finally，based on the analysis of the weather chart on the day and the past 4 days of the extreme rainfall events causing floods occurrence，selected Haihe River Basin（111° E-121° E，34° N-43° N）as a key area，with analyzing the influencing system and occurrence mechanism of the heavy rain in the key area，the extreme rainfall events causing floods in the Haihe River Basin can be roughly classified into five synoptic patterns：northward typhoon pattern，northeast cold vortex + south‐ west vortex pattern，low vortex pattern，upper-level trough pattern，and Mongolian cold vortex pattern. Among them，the proportion of extreme rainfall events caused by typhoons in the Haihe River Basin is the highest，ac‐ counting for 42. 4%，followed by cold vortices and low vortices，accounting for 27. 3% and 15. 2% respectively. The three regional extreme floods that occurred in the basin were also influenced by typhoons and low vortices.