Current Issue

• CELEBRATING THE 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FOUNDING OF LIPAP
• GAO You-xi;DONG Wen-jie
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 259-265. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (263KB) ( )
• The Lanzhou Institute of Plateau Atmospheric Physics (LIPAP),CAS has been found for fortieth anniversary.In this paper,both the history of the LIPAP and its mainly research advances in a variety of branch fields of atmospheric sciences in the last 40 years have been,briefly,reviewed.The three Institutes,our Institute,Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,and Lanzhou Institute of Desert,have already been combined recently as one Institute,it may be a new starting point of ours,we may have a good future.

• RESEARCH ON LIGHTNING PHYSICS AND ARTIFICIALLY TRIGGERED LIGHTNING OVER LAST DECADE: PROGRESS AND PROSPECT
• LIU Xin-sheng
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 266-272. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (270KB) ( )
• The progress of research on lightning physics and artificially triggered lightning is summerized in this paper.Siginificant progress has been made over last decade in the lightning detection,electrical structure of thunderstorm and space from ground to cloud,electrification of thunderstorm,characteristics and differences of triggered lightning in northern and southern China,lightning discharge process in spatial and temporal microscale as well as optical charateristics revealed by high speed video digital camera.The attention should also be paid henceforth in the correlation of climate change to thunderstorm and lightning activity as well as the coorelation of lightning activity to dynamic and microphysical process in convective storms.

• THE 4+1 STEPS ON THE SEARCHING ROUTE OF CLIMATE PREDICT
• TANG Mao-cang
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 273-279. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (264KB) ( )
• A brief introduce to the pioneering route of "Dichi map method" for short-range climate prediction during the past 36 years.There are 4 steps have been passed;(1) Lock on the soil temperature as a major factor;(2) Persist in practical prediction since 1975;(3) Turn to geocentric thesis from the "air centric thesis"(4) Create the Dichi map method,which seems to the "weather map method" for short-range weather forecasting on 1920s.It remains a final step:Establish the "Earth dynamic method" for short-range climate prediction is facing to the brave climatologist.

• LAND SURFACE PROCESS EXPERIMENTS AND INTERACTION STUDY IN CHINA-FROM HEIFE TO IMGRASS AND GAME-TIBET/TIPEX
• WANG Jie-min
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 280-294. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (601KB) ( )
• To improve the parameterization scheme in the grid scale of GCMs over different land surface status,China has organized Land Surface Processes experiments and the study of interaction of surface with atmosphere (LSPI) since 1987.These experiments are all international cooperation,and coordinated by WCRP and IGBP.Lanzhou Institute of Plateau Atmospheric Physics has played a pioneer role in these experimental studies.
  (a) The progress of HEIFE
  The first LSPI,the HEIFE (Heihe River Basin Field Experiment),was carried out in 1988 through 1993,scaled 70×90 km,in an arid region of Northwest China on a large Gobi/sandy desert with oasis dispersed along Heihe River and irrigation canals.
  A concept of "Desert-Oasis System" was put forward in 1993,which declared that in addition to the prevailing wind system,because of topography and surface status,local and regional circulation can be formed in conjunction with diurnal heating cycle in Heihe basin.Sensible heat advected from surrounding desert area with an integrated value as large as half of the net radiation in clear windy afternoon,becoming one of the main energy sources to the oasis vegetation.On the other hand,water vapor transported from oasis to adjacent desert is possibly one of the water sources for the desert plants.Land surface processes over desert and oasis are correlated closely.
  The derivation of regional surface effective parameters to be used in modeling has been always a major task.Different schemes were used in the area-representative aggregation,based on the observation data from more than 10 surface stations in such complex area scaled.It has been found that some parameters the results from different schemes might have difference of order of magnitude.To use remote sensing from space is indispensable.Many scenes of different satellite data,including NOAA AVHRR,LANDSAT TM,and ERS ATSR etc.,have been analyzed in the 'up-scaling' study.The derivation of statistics of important parameters was successful,such as surface temperature,albedo,vegetation index,roughness length,transportation coefficients,etc.,as well as the surface radiation,sensible heat and evaporation fluxes.
  Modeling study has also been a major part in HEIFE.1-D surface processes study has been done mainly in desert area,concentrated in the water process near desert surface.Planetary boundary layer modeling has been carried out in analyzing regional wind field and the process in between oasis and desert.Some detailed studies have been done by using 2-D and 3-D mesoscale models,particularly,the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS),a non-hydrostatic and compressible 3-D mesoscale model,has been used recently in the LSPI study in Heihe Basin.By using of HEIFE data set,also,some parameterization results retrieved from satellite data in recent years,the boundary layer structure and energy/water exchange processes in this area have been simulated successfully;some specific phenomenon have also been modeled and explained theoretically.However,more detailed simulation is still needed.
  (b) IMGRASS
  Another LSPI,the IMGRASS (Inner Mongolia Semi-Arid Grassland Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Interaction),has started preparation soon after the HEIFE field campaign,and carried out its field observation on a comparatively homogeneous area in the summer of 1998.IMGRASS is a BAHC-GEWEX type experiment emphasized on the understanding of land surface process in temperate semi-arid grassland,and the validation of satellite remote sensing algorithms.It also attempts to understand the grassland-climate interaction under the human activity stress with the target for sustainable development in the area.Four core stations,with comprehensive observations of soil,vegetation,atmospheric boundary layer,surface fluxes of radiation,heat,water vapor,and trace gases,have been operated in 1998 in the representatives parts of a region around 100×150 km,centered at about (116.3°E,43.5°N).A radio-controlled mini-aircraft equipped with simple meteorological sensors and a camera has also been operated during the field campaign.A preliminary data analysis is in progress.
  (c) Land surface processes study on the Tibetan Plateau
  1998 was also a year for the implementation of other two LSPI projects in China,the GAME-Tibet/TIPEX and the GAME-HUBEX.The latter is an experiment in Huaihe River Basin,East China,within the framework of GAME.
  GAME-Tibet and TIPEX are cooperative studies of land surface processes on Tibetan Plateau.The former is in the framework of GAME and carried out by China,Japan and some other Asian countries,while the TIPEX (Tibetan Plateau Hydro-meteorological Experiment) is a national key project of China.The overall goal of GAME-Tibet and TIPEX is to clarify the interactions between the land surface and the atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau in the context of the Asian monsoon system.
  Two scales of experiments have been implemented:(1) A Plateau-scale (2 000×1 500 km) experiment using the north-south and east-west networks of operational meteorological and hydrological stations (including 12 new automatic weather stations);(2) A mesoscale (100×150 km) experiment with two or three dimensional intensive LSP observations at about five sites.Process models and methods for applying them over large spatial scales can then be developed.Besides,GAME-Tibet also pays great attention to the development and validation of satellite based observing methods.Proper ground truth measurements have been arranged.
  The intensive observation has been done successfully during May though September 1998.A large amount of data has been collected,which is the best data set so far for the study of plateau hydrometeorology.An international scientific workshop on the preliminary study of GAME-Tibet has been held in Xi'an in January 1999.Preliminary Results of GAME-Tibet are in following aspects:
  a Dramatic climate change after the monsoon setup.
  b Strong insolation on the Tibetan plateau;surface energy balance (?)
  c PBL structure and the rapid convection development.
  d Retrieving of surface characteristic parameters.
  e Soil moisture study;using of SSM/I,TMI.
  f Fine data from X-band 3-d Doppler radar for cloud and precipitation study;ground truth for TRMM.

• A REVIEW AND PROSPECT ON NUMERICAL WEATHER FORECAST AND CLIMATE SIMULATION RESEARCH IN OUR INSTITUTE
• QIAN Zheng-an;Lü Shi-hua
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 295-305. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (428KB) ( )
• Firstly,three main development stages in numerical weather forecast and climate simulation research in our Institute,namely the geostrophic model development stage from 1964 to 1972,four primitive equation model one from 1973 to 1986,and model operation uses and wide application of numerical simulation from 1987 to now,has been classified since the middle 1960's.Then,the main research activities and advances in numerical forecast and simulation in above three stages were briefly reviewed and summarized.Finally,some prospect about the future research of numerical forecast and climate simulation in the Institution were given.

• RESEARCH ON ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS OF NON-EQUILIBRIUM STATE
• HU Yin-qiao
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 306-320. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (502KB) ( )
• The paper outlined the necessity and stringency to establish the atmospheric thermodynamics in non-equilibrium state.The earth atmosphere is a microsystems that includes turbulence eddies as basic cell.The system is forced by air pressure gradient,gravitation and Coriolis force.Dynamical and thermal processes,which are controlled by heat stratification and turbulence,are dominant action.On the base of above basic characteristics,an entropy balance equation of the atmosphere thermodynamics in non-equilibrium state is established to introduce directly equation set of the atmosphere dynamics.
  
  The entropy balance equation can directly express heat transportation,water vapor transportation,momentum transportation and three kinds of water phase transition generated in atmosphere.Above processes are irreversible process.The entropy balance equation includes also a dynamic process to transport air current that is a reversible process to be driven by Newton power F _i.
  Prigogine's minimum principle of entropy production proves that the equilibrium state of atmospheric thermodynamics is a thermodynamics state,which is:(Ⅰ) static equilibrium;(Ⅱ) geostrophic balance;(Ⅲ) without phase change and turbulence transportation process;(Ⅳ) in neutral stratification and uniform temperature distribution on isobaric surface;and (Ⅴ) relative divergences of absolute temperature,vapor and velocity are equal in space.
  
  
  The differential equation of transformation process,which is got by Gibbs relation of atmosphere system,proves that the equation of state transformation in open system should include changes of potential temperature,vapor and momentum in the state transformation process.The metamorphosis process of close system in classical atmosphere thermodynamics is a special instance.The water phase transformation processes in open system should include changes of temperature,kinetic energy and ratio of components of vapor,liquid state water and solid state water.Of course,the moistadiabatic process and the pseudo-adiabatic process in classical atmosphere thermodynamics are also its special instance.
  It may be a new way of turbulence close to expand the thermodynamic flow as the thermodynamic powers at equilibrium state that is taken as a reference thermodynamic state.Its advantage is to obtain the turbulence close without introducing new equations.

• INFLUENCES OF QINGHAI-XIZANG (TIBET) PLATEAU UPLIFT ON THE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION, GLOBAL CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT CHANGES
• LIU Xiao-dong
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 321-332. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (449KB) ( )
• This paper introduces some important influences of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau uplift on the past global change and up-to-date advances in this field.Previous researches show that Qinghai-Xizang Plateau upheaval plays a key role in the following aspects:(1) the reconstruction of the atmospheric general circulation,including the development of Asian monsoon system and the adjustment of stationary planetary wave;(2) the climate change on the global scale,especially over the Plateau and its neighborhoods,such as drying in the northern midlatitudes,wetting in monsoonal Asia and the global cooling events;(3) the evolution of the natural environment,like the formation of the Loess Plateau northern of China and enlargement of deserts in the Asian continental interior,the development of mountain glaciers and snow cover,the evolution of lakes and drainage systems,and the regional differentiation of ecosystem.Meanwhile,some problems in the present work and the direction for the future research are pointed out.For example,linear and nonlinear impacts of the uplifting,gradual and abrupt changes induced by the Plateau uplift and intercomparison between geological climate records and paleoclimate modeling.

• ADVANCED IN ENERGY BUDGET OBSERVATION EXPERIMENT OVER THE QINGHAIXIZANG PLATEAU
• JI Guo-liang
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 333-340. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (284KB) ( )
• The new understanding and advancing of the energy budget observation experiment in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are introduced briefly by using the data observed at Wudaoliang during the period from September 1993 to March 1997.

• NUMERICAL MODELINGS AND PROBLEMS OF REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGES IN CHINA
• QIAN Yong-fu;WANG Qian-qian;LIU Hua-qiang;ZHENG Wei-zhong
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 341-349. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (359KB) ( )
• Introductions and discussions are made in this paper on the modeling and problems of the regional climate changes in China.It is pointed out that the regional climate models are necessary to be developed in order to study the mechanisms of the regional climate changes and to predict these changes because the large scale general circulation models and the coupled atmosphereocean models have uncertainties in their modeling results.The simulation results of the floods in 1991 happened in the Changjiang and Huaihe Basins are introduced,and it is found that the capacities of the regional climate models are fairly good and they have promising prospects.It is further discussed of the treatment schemes of the lateral boundary conditions and their impacts on the modeling results.At last,the problems in the regional climate modeling at the present and the possible solutions of those problems are necessarily discussed in this paper.

• THE CURRENT STATUS OF MESOSCALE NUMERICAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS APPLICATION PROSPECTS
• CHENG Lin-sheng
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 350-360. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (415KB) ( )
• This paper sums briefly up the current status and tendency of mesoscale atmospheric numerical model development at home and abroad and its application prospects.The content includes:the improvements of the model dynamics,the features of mesoscale modeling system,the development of regional spectral model,the schemes of the cumulus parameterization and explicit cloud physics,the planetary boundary layer parameterization,the atmospheric radiation parameterization,the four-dimensional data assimulation (FDDA),the regional real-time numerical weather prediction,the application of mesoscale numerical weather prediction as well as the developing tendency of new generation mesoscale model.These contents relate to the following main models and systems of modeling and prediction:the American NCEP-Eta (early Eta,Meso-Eta,Eta-10) model and RSM model,PSU/NCAR-MM5 model,CSU-RAMS,OU-ARPS,AFGWCRWM model,NORAPS-NORAPS6,FNMOC-COAMPS,the UKMO model,the Canadian MC2 model,the French MESO-NH model,The Japanese JRSM model.In the hope that it is of some help for us to develop our country mesoscale atmospheric model and system of modeling and prediction through understanding the current status and developing tendency of mesoscale atmospheric numerical models abroad.

• THE REVIEW AND PROSPECT OF RESEARCH WORK ON WEATHER MODIFICATION
• WANG Zhi-jun;LIU Li-ping;GONG Nai-hu
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 361-367. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (264KB) ( )
• We reviewed the history of research work on weather modification in Lanzhou Institute of Plateau Atmospheric Physics from 1958.The main research work included artificially melting snow,precipitation enhancement and hail suppression in Qilian Mountain in first stages from 1958 to 1965,the hail suppression in Pingliang,Gansu Province.In second stage from 1972 to 1978,the hailstorm physics,artificially triggered lightning,hail suppression from 1980 to present.We also discussed the development in future and problems of weather modification.

• THE STUDIES ON THE MELTING PROBLEM OF ICE CRYSTALS AND SNOWFLAKES——PROGRESS AND PROSPECT
• GONG Nai-hu
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 368-376. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (350KB) ( )
• The generating and melting of the ice crystals is a basic problem,and have not been settled.In the paper,the importance of the studies of melting problem on ice crystals (snowflakes) has been pointed.The main research results on ice crystals (snowflakes) melting problem in the field and laboratory of scientists in Japan,American,England etc.have been introduced.The numbers of water drops being formed after melting or disrupting of ice crystals (snowflakes) of all kinds,used the laboratory data have been analyses and compared by author.Finally,the ice system theory,the origin of ice crystals and hail embryo in the cloud,microdownburst,and the relation between the mesoscale circulation characteristics and the melting in the meso-scale convective system stratiform area have been introduced.And ice (snow) melting problem on the line of power system and solving train of thought have been introduced too.

• CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN SOLAR ACTIVITY, GEOMAGNETIC, ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRIC DISTURBANCE AND WEATHER, CLIMATE
• YAN Mu-hong;SUN An-ping;ZHANG Yi-jun
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 377-391. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (556KB) ( )
• Statistic correlations between solar activity,geomagnetic,atmospheric electric disturbance and weather,climate have been analysised on a day-to-day time scale,interannual and century time scale.Results show clear correlations between solar activity and global air temperature,global cloud coverage,500 hPa vorticity area index (VAI),thunderstorm,column ozone and temperature departure in the lower stratosphere on different time scale.Mev-Gev particles are main solar carries of affecting on atmospheric activity:to modulate column ozone in the lower stratosphere,to modulate global air-earth electric current and atmospheric electric field in the troposphere.And they change the atmospheric conductivity,charge amount of supercooled water droplets and aerosol partlicles about the cloud top.The electrofreezing process increases the flux of ice crystals that can glaciate midlever clouds,increase latent heat.Variation of the global clouds coverage can affect on radiation balance and cloud albedo.This is a cause that affect on variation of weather and climate.For long time scale,the magnetic coupling between earth's nuclei and mantle can change earth rotation velocity,and affect on the atmospheric activity.

• THE THEORIES AND METHODS OF UTILIZING HISTORICAL DATA IN NUMERICAL WEATHER FORECAST
• GONG Jian-dong;CHOU Ji-fan
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 392-399. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (297KB) ( )
• This paper summarizes theories and methods utilizing historical observation data presented by Chinese meteorologists in numerical weather prediction (NWP).Not only real present evolution data is discussed but also discussed the problem utilizing historical observation data that accumulated ten years.The anthors point out that it should change the way NWP is put forward and review the process of this change from initial condition problem to evolution problem and to again inverse problem.Based on the real problem characteristic,three idealized cases were classified:(1) both the numerical model and data is exactly credible but there are parameters without observation;(2) the data is credible but there is error in model;(3) the numerical model is credible but data has error.So called the four-dimensional variational data assimilation is really belongs to the third case above,but it only utilize present evolution data and didn't utilize historical data.In real world,because both the model and data are not exactly credible,it should change forecast problem to information problem.In this way,we can assess the future weather probility by utilizing both historical observation data and physical law of atmospheric process evolution.

• THE DEFINITION OF THE ADVANCE AND RETREAT OF THE SUMMER MONSOON IN CHINA
• WANG An-yu;WU Chi-sheng;LIN Wen-shi;YANG Yan;FONG Soi-kun;KU Chi-meng;LEONG Ka-cheng
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 400-408. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (487KB) ( )
• By using NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5°reanalysis daily data (1983~1996),the long term pentadly mean wind and potential pesudo-equivalent temperature fields at 850 hPa have been analysed and further the advance and retreat of the summer monsoon in China have been newly defined.According to this new definition in the summer monsoon region the prevailing wind should be southwest wind (>2 m/s at 850 hPa) and the air of the monsoon should be high temperature and moisture (potential pseudo-equivalent temperature >340°K in the south of 30°N and >335°K in the north of 30°N at 850 hPa).Due to the southwest wind have been emphasized,the new definition is more reasonable than before.The advance of the summer monsoon have three abrupt northward shifts and four relatively stationary stays.Each stable period is corresponding to a main rainfall belt in China.The retreat of the summer monsoon is very quick.In the middle August the summer monsoon has vanished in the mainland of China.Based on the observational fact one may easily identify these results.

• DISCUSSION ON SOME REGULARITIES OF LARGE EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITIES IN THE GANSU-SICHUAN SEGMENT OF THE NORTH-SOUTH SEISMIC BELT OF CHINA
• GUO Zeng-jian;WU Jin-bing
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 409-415. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (251KB) ( )
• The great majority of large earthquakes M ≥7 in the Gansu-Sichuan segment (from Tongwei county in Gansu Province to Kangding county in Sichuan province) of the north-south seismic belt of China occurred in the time of minimum solar activity and thereabout.Besides,in the segment,large earthquakes almost occurred in the time with period of 35 years and in the time of the gold section of the period.These regularities will be referred in future for making prediction of large earthquakes M ≥7 in the Gansu-Sichuan segment.

• THE INFLUENCE OF NORTHWEST CHINA AFFORESTATION ON REGIONAL CLIMATE IN CHINA
• Lü Shi-hua;CHEN Yu-chun
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 416-424. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (745KB) ( )
• The NCAR RegCM2 regional climate model has been used to study the influence of Northwest China (NW China) afforestation on regional climate in China.Two sensitivity experiments are set up.One is afforestation and other is the experiment with less vegetation.It found that afforestation and disaster can effect land surface temperature and summer monsoon.In the more vegetation experiment in the NW China,the summer monsoon in east China will strengthen and rainfall to the north of Yangtze River will increase as well.But in the experiment with less vegetation in NW China,the summer monsoon in east China will weaken and the precipitation to the north of Yangtze River will decrease.

• THE INFLUENCES OF ATMOSPHERIC DUSTON THE RADIATIVE HEATING IN THE EARTHATMOSPHERE SYSTEM AND ATMOSPHERE IN THE NORTHWESTERN CHINA
• SHEN Zhi-bao;WEI Li
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 425-435. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (405KB) ( )
• The data observed during the HEIFE experiment and NOAA-AVHRR data in the same period were used to estimate the radiative heating/cooling in the earth-atmosphere system and atmosphere caused by atmospheric dust.The results show that the radiative effects of atmospheric dust are depending on the surface conditions.In the desert with high surface albedo,the shortwave radiative effect of atmospheric dust is to warming the earth-atmosphere system and the air,but the longwave radiative effect is to cooling the air;In the oasis with low surface albedo,the shortwave radiative effect of atmospheric dust is to cooling the earth-atmosphere and seems to cooling the air,the longwave radiative effect is to decrease the longwave radiative cooling.When the atmospheric turbidity coefficient increases from 0.15 to 0.6,the additional shortwave radiative heating rate in the dust layer (near the surface from 850 to 600 hPa) is about 2.4~3.7 K/d over the desert,and about -0.3~0.7 K/d over the oasis,the additional longwave radiative heating rate in the dust layer is about -0.8~-1.3 K/d over the desert and about 0.5~1.3 K/d over the oasis.As the result,the atmospheric dust warm the air in both desert and oasis,the additional heating rate in the dust layer over the desert and oasis are about 1.3~2.5 K/d and 0.2~0.7 K/d respectively.

• PROGRESS OF TORRENTIAL RAINFALL EXPERIMENT RESEARCH OVER THE TAIWAN STRAITS AND ADJACENT AREA
• XU Bao-xiang;ZHOU Xiu-ji
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 436-440. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (185KB) ( )
• Through several years' preparation and enthusiastic supports from the meteorological community and our government,the "Torrential Rainfall Experiment over the Taiwan Straits and Adjacent Area" was approved as one special project for the National Science and Technology Plan during the Ninth Five years' period and had been in important progress in 1998.The scientific objectives,research topics and preliminary achievements of this project are presented here briefly.

• SUMMARY AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF CLOUD AND PRECIPITATION OBSERVATION IN QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU IN GAME-TIBET
• LIU Li-ping;CHU Rong-zhong;SONG Xin-min;ZHOU Yong-jun;FENG Jin-ming;CHEN Cheng-pin;ZHANG Tong;S. Shimizu;K. Ueno;T. Koike;H. Fujii;H. Yamada;Y. Aoi;T. Ueno;J. Horikomi;M. Kajikawa;R Shirooka;J. Teshima
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 441-450. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (497KB) ( )
• We summarized the significance,equipment and data of the cloud and precipitation observation in Qinghai-Xizang plateau in GAME-TIBET project,and reported some preliminary results about the diurnal variation of precipitation,comparisons between different raingauges,effects of wind speed on precipitation measurement and a case of cloud simulation and observation by Doppler radar.

• NUMERICAL TEST OF CONVECTIVE PARAMETERIZATION ON THE SIMULATION OF A MEIYU-FRONT RAINSTORM
• PENG Xin-dong;WU Xiao-ming;TSUBOKI Kazuhisa
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 451-461. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (984KB) ( )
• By using Japan Spectral Model (JSM) version 1988,Arakawa-Schubert,Kain-Fritsch,Kuo-Anthes and Gadd-Keers type cumulus convective parameterization schemes (CPSs) are tested to simulate a convective system in concern with Meiyu-front rainstorm.A Meiyu-front heavy rainfall of July 1988,which occurred in Kyushu Japan,is taken as a case study.The simulation results show that Arakawa-Shubert scheme,which includes updraft and moist downdraft,being the best one in 40 km model,because it is based on quasiequilibrium between the large-scale changes and cumulus convection.The results also show that quality CPSs and initial condition is very important for reasonable mesoscale simulation,in consideration of the interaction of sub-ensembles and its environment.

• WHERE DOES HALF OF ATMOSPHERIC CO ₂ DISAPPEAR?
• WU Ai-shen
• 1999 Vol. 18 (3): 462-464. 
• Abstract ( ) PDF (124KB) ( )
• A brief review is given on current findings of CO ₂ exchange between land surfaces and the atmosphere.Major problems in estimating the CO ₂ flux using the eddy covariance technique are discussed.