针对近年来中国城市化进程不断加快, 建筑物制冷系统的排热对城市气候的影响越来越大的现状, 以2010年8月6-7日北京地区夏季典型晴天为例, 开展了对建筑物能量模式(Building Energy Model, BEM)和制冷系统人为热排放的研究.分析发现不同用途建筑物的用电量日变化特征不同, 其与气象因子(主要是气温)之间存在一定的相关性.在此基础上, 改进了BEM模式, 并对制冷系统(空调)能耗和排热进行了模拟.首先, 基于用电量日变化特点模拟不同用途建筑物的排热情况, 表明在建筑物空调制冷系统负荷中, 窗墙传热占60%以上, 人员、 设备产热占30%, 通风设施传热占5%~6%; 其次, 对影响建筑物排热量较大的一些参数进行敏感性试验, 建筑参数中建筑物高度对排热的影响最大, 从18.3 m降低到12 m和6 m, 排热量可分别减少24.3%和49.6%, 紧随其后的是墙体传热系数和新风系数的影响, 而空调设定参数中设定温度从25℃下降1℃, 空调制冷系统排热猛增94.4%; 最后, 根据我国夏季各种类型空调占比情况, 计算出空调排热中感热、 潜热分别为12.69 W·m-2和45.87 W·m-2(约占22%和78%), 为建筑物排热对城市气候影响研究奠定了基础.
Abstract
Since the urbanlization in China is accelerating, the effect of heat-release of building cooling system on urban climate is bigger and bigger. Aimed at this situation, taking the case of 6-7 August 2010, (typical sunny day case in the Beijing area in summer), to carry out the research about the building energy model and the anthropogenic heat release of cooling system. It's found that the electrical energy consumption of different uses of the buildings has different diurnal variations, and it's also mostly related to meteorological factors. Based on these foundations, the simulation to energy consumption and heat-rejection of cooling system (air-condition) is performed with the modified Build Energy Model(BEM). Firstly, according to the features of the diurnal variations of electrical energy consumption, simulate the heat rejection of disparate uses of buildings. Analysis shows that among the thermal load, the percent of heat conducted by walls and windows is more than 60%, the rate of heat produced by humans and equipment is about 30% and received through the ventilation is 5%~6%. Secondly, a sensitivity analysis of a few parameters vastly affecting the result is carried out. The most important factor of building parameters is building height, when it varies from 18.3 m to 12 m and 6 m, the building heat-release will decrease 24.3% and 49.6% respectively. The second important parameters following building height are wall-conduction and ventilation coefficient.The heat-release can rapidly raise 94.4% while the target temperature falling from 25℃ to 24℃. Finally, the result of distribution of sensible heat and latent heat is calculated with the rate of the diverse air-condition in China, the value is 12.69 W·m-2 and 45.87 W·m-2 (about 22% of the peak value is sensible heat and the remaining part is latent heat in a single day). These results will laid the foundation for building thermal effect on urban climate research.
关键词
建筑物能量模式 /
参数敏感性 /
制冷系统 /
人为热排放 /
城市气候
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Key words
Building Energy Mode /
Parameter sensitivit /
Cooling system /
Anthropogenic heat r /
Urban climate
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基金
北京市科委绿色通道项目(Z111100074211010); 国家自然科学基金项目(41175015)
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