Based on monthly rainfall series of seven homogeneous zones in India and 160 observational stations in China during 1951 to 2006, as well as monthly mean reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR and NOAA, the relationships between rainfall in each subregions over India and China are investigated. The results show that rainfall in July and August over the northwest and north mountains of India and Hetao and its vicinity areas (Hetao for short) of China exhibit a significant positive correlation, thus defining the midsummer rainfall of the northwest and North Mountains of India as North Indian summer monsoon (NISM). To further reveal the relevant mechanism of the NISM on the rainfall of Hetao, we discuss the relation from two aspects of teleconnection and water vapor transport. It is indicated that when the NISM is strong, Hetao is controlled by the southerly stream in front of abnormal depression, which is located to the southeast of Lake Baikal and tilts westward with the increase of altitude. In addition, the enhancement of NISM also induces the reinforcement of water vapor transporting to Hetao, which is favorable for more rainfall there than normal, and vice versa. Strong/weak NISM is often companied by a La Niña/El Niño event. Eastern equatorial Pacific anomalous SST plays an important role on Hetao rainfall through NISM, while NISM is still significantly correlated with the rainfall of Hetao after excluding the effect of eastern equatorial Pacific SST anomalies.
[1]Ding Q H, Wang B. 2005. Circumglobal teleconnection in the Northern Hemisphere summer[J]. J Climate, 18:3483-3505.
[2]Fasullo J. 2004. Biennial characteristics of Indian monsoon rainfall[J]. J Climate, 17(15):2972-2982.
[3]Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, et al. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project[J]. Bull Amer Meteorol Soc, 77:437-471.
[4]Khandekar M L, Neralla V R. 1984. On the relationship between the sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific and the Indian monsoon rainfall[J]. Geophy Res Lett, 11:1137-1140.
[5]Kripalani R H, Kuikarni A. 1997. Rainfall variability over South-east Asia-connections with Indian monsoon and ENSO extremes:new perspective[J]. Int J Climatol, 17:1155-1168.
[6]Kripalani R H, Kuikarni A. 2001. Monsoon rainfall variations and teleconnections over south and East Asia[J]. Int J Climatol, 21:603-616.
[7]Kripalani R H, Singh S V. 1993. Large-scale aspects of India-China summer monsoon rainfall[J]. Adv Atmos Sci, 10:72-84.
[8]Livezey R E, Chen W Y. 1983. Statistical field significance and its determination by Monte Carlo techniques[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 111:46-59.
[9]Mooley D, Parthasarathy B. 1983. Variability of the Indian summer monsoon and tropical circulation features[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 111:967-978.
[10]Rasmusson E M, Carpenter T. 1982. The relationship between eastern equatorial sea surface temperature and rainfall over India and Sri Lanka[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 110:517-527.
[11]Sontakke N A, Singh N, Singh H N. 2008. Instrumental period rainfall series of the Indian region (1813-2005):revised reconstruction, update and analysis[J]. The Holocene, 18(7):1055-1066.
[12]Tao S Y, Chen L X. 1987. A Review of Recent Research on the East Asian Summer Monsoon in China[M]//Chang C P, Krishnamurti T N, eds. Monsoon Meteorology. Oxford University Press, 60-92.
[13]Zhang R H. 2001. Relations of water vapor transport from Indian monsoon with that over East Asia and summer rainfall in China[J]. Adv Atmos Sci, 18:1005-1007.
[14]Zhu Q G, He J H, Wang P X. 1986. A study of circulation differences between East-Asian and Indian summer monsoons with their interaction[J]. Adv Atmos Sci, 3:446-477.
[15]Chen Longxun. 1984. The configuration of the East Asia monsoon circulation and its medium-term oscillation[J]. Acta Oceanological Sinica, 6(6):744-758.<br/>陈隆勋. 1984. 东亚季风环流系统的结构及其中期变动[J]. 海洋学报, 6(6):744-758.
[16]Dai Xingang, Chou Jifan, Wu Guoxiong. 2002. The teleconnection relationship between Indian monsoon and East Asian summer circulation[J]. Acta Meteor Sinica, 60(5):544-552.<br/>戴新刚, 丑纪范, 吴国雄. 2002. 印度季风与东亚夏季环流的遥相关关系[J]. 气象学报, 60(5):544-552.
[17]Ding Yihui. 2008. Advanced synoptic meteorology[M]. The Second Edition. Beijing:China Meteorological Press, 138-149.<br/>丁一汇. 2008. 高等天气学(第二版)[M]. 北京:气象出版社, 138-149.
[18]Ding Yihui, Sun Ying, Liu Yunyun, et al. 2013. Inter-decadal and interannual variabilities of the Asian summer monsoon and its projection of future change[J]. Chinese J Atmos Sci, 37(2), 253-280.<br/>丁一汇, 孙颖, 刘芸芸, 等. 2013. 亚洲夏季风的年际和年代际变化及其未来预测[J]. 大气科学, 37(2):253-280.
[19]Guo Qiyun, Wang Jiqin. 1988. A comparative study on summer monsoon in China and India[J]. J Trop Meteor, 4(1):53-60.<br/>郭其蕴, 王继琴. 1988. 中国与印度夏季风降水的比较研究[J]. 热带气象, 4(1):53-60.
[20]Guo Qiyun. 1992. Teleconnection between the floods/droughts in North China and Indian summer monsoon rainfall[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 47(5):394-402.<br/>郭其蕴. 1992. 中国华北旱涝与印度夏季风降水的遥相关分析[J]. 地理学报, 47(5):394-402.
[21]Hao Lisheng, Min Jinzhong, Yao Xuexiang. 2007. Comparison of summer monsoon rainfall changes between North China and India[J]. Adv Climate Change Res, 3(5):271-275.<br/>郝立生, 闵锦忠, 姚学祥. 2007. 华北和印度夏季风降水变化的对比分析[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 3(5):271-275.
[22]He Lifu, Wu Bingyi, Mao Weixing. 2005. The interdecadal variation of Indian summer monsoon and the climate shift in North China[J]. Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 21(3):257-264.<br/>何立富, 武炳义, 毛卫星. 2005. 印度夏季风的年代际变化与我国北方的气候跃变[J]. 热带气象学报, 21(3):257-264.
[23]Li Yong, Lu Riyu, He Jinhai. 2007. Several climate factors influencing the winter temperature over China[J]. Chinese J Atmos Sci, 31(3):505-514.<br/>李勇, 陆日宇, 何金海. 2007. 影响中国冬季温度的若干气候因子[J]. 大气科学, 31(3):505-514.
[24]Liang Pingde. 1988. The Indian summer monsoon and the rainfall in North China in summer[J]. Acta Meteor Sinica, 46(1):75-81.<br/>梁平德. 1988. 印度夏季风与中国华北夏季降水量[J]. 气象学报, 46(1):75-81.
[25]Liu Xuanfei, Yuan Huizhen, Guan Zhaoyong. 2008. Effects of ENSO on the relationship between IOD and China summer rainfall[J]. Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 24(5):502-506.<br/>刘宣飞, 袁慧珍, 管兆勇. 2008. ENSO对IOD与中国夏季降水关系的影响[J]. 热带气象学报, 24(5):502-506.
[26]Liu Yunyun, Ding Yihui. 2008a. Teleconnection between the Indian summer monsoon onset and the Meiyu over the Yangtze River valley[J]. Science in China (Series D:Earth Science), 38 (6):763-775.<br/>刘芸芸, 丁一汇. 2008a. 印度夏季风的爆发与中国长江流域梅雨的遥相关分析[J]. 中国科学D辑(地球科学), 38(6):763-775.
[27]Liu Yunyun, Ding Yihui. 2008b. Analysis and numerical simulation of the teleconnection between Indian summer monsoon and precipitation in North China[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 66(5):789-799.<br/>刘芸芸, 丁一汇. 2008b. 印度夏季风与中国华北降水的遥相关分析及数值模拟[J]. 气象学报, 66(5):789-799.
[28]Luo Zhexian. 2005. Introduction to the climate dynamics of arid area in Northwest China[M]. China Meteorological Press, 90-128.<br/>罗哲贤. 2005. 中国西北干旱气候动力学引论[M]. 北京:气象出版社, 90-128.
[29]Wang S W, Huang J B. 2006. The instability relationship between summer rainfall over North China and India[J]. Prog Nat Sci, 16(8):980-985.<br/>王绍武, 黄建斌. 2006. 中国华北与印度夏季降水遥相关的不稳定性[J]. 自然科学进展, 16(8):980-985.
[30]Wei Fengying. 2007. Modern climatic statistical diagnosis and prediction technology[M]. Beijing:China Meteorological Press, 99-104.<br/>魏凤英. 2007. 现代气候统计诊断与预测技术[M]. 北京:气象出版社, 99-104.
[31]Wu Jin, He Jinhai, Zhang Zuqiang, et al. 2011. The analysis of the relationship between the subsystems of the Asian summer monsoon[J]. Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 27(5):619-625.<br/>吴进, 何金海, 张祖强, 等. 2011. 亚洲夏季风各子系统主要变率相互关系初析[J]. 热带气象学报, 27(5):619-625.
[32]Xu Zhongfeng, Qian Yongfu. 2006. Mist potential vorticity index of Indian monsoon and its relationship with climate in China[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 64(6):760-769.<br/>徐忠峰, 钱永甫. 2006. 用湿位涡定义的印度夏季风指数及其与中国气候的关系[J]. 气象学报, 64(6):760-769.
[33]Yao Huiru, Li Dongliang. 2013. Spatial structure of East Asia subtropical jet stream and its relation with winter air temperature in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 37 (4):881-890.<br/>姚慧茹, 李栋梁. 2013. 东亚副热带急流的空间结构及其与中国冬季气温的关系[J]. 大气科学, 37(4):881-890.
[34]Zhang Renhe. 1999. The role of Indian summer monsoon water vapor transportation on the summer rainfall anomalies in the northern part of China[J]. Plateau Meteor, 18(4):567-574.<br/>张人禾. 1999. El Nino盛期印度夏季风水汽输送在中国华北地区夏季降水异常中的作用[J]. 高原气象, 18(4):567-574.
[35]ZhangTengfei, Pu Guiming. 2004. Analysis of 6 Yunnan severe rainfalls affected by Indian monsoon in June, 2002. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica, 24(3):325-332.<br/>张腾飞, 普贵明. 2004. 印度季风对云南2002年6月6次大到暴雨过程影响分析[J]. 气象科学, 24(3):325-332.
[36]Zhang Xiaoling, Xiao Ziniu, Li Yuefeng. 2012. Effects of Indian ocean SSTA with ENSO winter rainfall in China[J]. J Trop Meteor, 28(5):621-632.<br/>张晓玲, 肖子牛, 李跃凤. 2012. ENSO背景下印度洋偶极子海温异常对中国冬季降水的影响[J]. 热带气象学报, 28(5):621-632.
[37]Zhou Jingya, Cheng Qiuying. 1987. The relationship between Indian monsoon system in summer and the continuous heavy-rain over upper reaches of the Changjiang[J]. Acta Meteor Sinica, 45(2):179-187.<br/>周静亚, 成秋影. 1987. 夏季印度季风环流系统与中国长江上游区域性持续暴雨的关系[J]. 气象学报, 45(2):179-187.
[38]Zhou Shunwu, Jia La. 2003. Interannual Variation of Indian Monsoon and Summer Flood/Drought over Tibetan Plateau[J]. Plateau Meteor, 22(4):410-415.<br/>周顺武, 假拉. 2003. 印度季风的年际变化与高原夏季旱涝[J]. 高原气象, 22(4):410-415.