By collecting and sorting the hail disasters of historical literature in Shaanxi region for the past 2000 years, and analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of hail disasters and discusses its effects on regional agricultural by ArcGIS and Matlab software from different stages, seasons, influence degree, and so on. The results showed that there have occurred 1296 times of hail disasters in Shaanxi region during 0 to 2014 AD, approximately once every 1.55 years in average, hail disasters are given priority to with medium hailstorm, including elementary, secondary and special hailstorms occurred 315 times, 867 times and 867 times each other, respectively accounted for 24.3%, 66.9% and 24.3% of hail disasters in total. According to the change and development of instrumental observation instrument, hail disasters are divided into 3 stages on the times scale, including the year 0 to year 1911, the year 1912 to 1980 and the year 1980 to 2014, during the period when hail disasters respectively accounted for 375 times, 418 times and 503 times in Shaanxi region, on the whole, showing the decadal changes characteristic of hail disasters that less in early and much later in historical period of Shaanxi, hail disasters have obvious seasonal variation characteristics and present prominently monthly difference which within the year, and in each stage, characteristics of hail disasters in the seasonal and monthly are related to the occurrence with past 2000 years of Shaanxi. Hail disaster exists in 11 years and 16 years two period of oscillation on time scale, which has relationship with sunspot activity cycle. There are obvious different in the spatial distribution of hail disaster where the characteristics of the northern are more than the southern. With the influence of different seasons and different degrees, the effects of hail disasters on agricultural production in Shanxi Province are different, the distributions are mainly in the Guanzhong plain and north of the region. Since the 20th century, regional human activity way and strength has changed, the centralization of the population, social economy and agricultural production in the area increased agricultural level of disasters of local areas.
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