Using conventional observations and the NCEP 1°×1° analysis, one severe fog process and one severe haze process occurred in Shandong province in 2013 are analyzed. The main results are as follows:(1) The stagnancy of vertical exchanges is the critical characteristic for the duration of fog and haze. The meteorological conditions for fog and haze are west-northwestlies to the east of the 500 hPa ridge, the weak warm advection near the 850 hPa warm ridge, and the weak pressure system on the surface. The conditions are propitious to temperature inversion, low mixed layer height and small winds, thus leading to weak horizontal and vertical diffusions. The weak ascent at 850 hPa and the weak descent at 700 hPa cause the stalemate between the upper clean air and the lower dirty air. (2) The restoration of vertical exchanges is the key to air quality improvement. The strong cold air breaks the stable meteorological conditions, hence the upper dry and clean air can sink to the ground. (3) The fog and haze can be mitigated by the weak descent of the weak cold air and the near-front ascent of the whole atmosphere. (4) The dramatic decrease of surface dew point after the passage of the cold front indicates that the upper dry and clean air has reached the ground.
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