1 引言
2 资料来源和方法介绍
2.1 资料来源
表1 所用5个全球耦合模式简要介绍Table 1 Brief description of the five global coupled general circulation model (CGCM) |
| 模式 | 模式机构 | 大气分辨率 |
|---|---|---|
| BCC_CSM1.1 | 中国国家气候中心BCC/CMA, China | T42L26 |
| BNU_ESM | 北京师范大学BNU/GUESS, China | T42L18 |
| CanESM2 | 加拿大CCCma, Canada | T63L35 |
| CNRM-CM5 | 法国CNRM/CERFACS, France | TL127L31 |
| NorESM1-M | 挪威NCC, Norway | F19L26 |
2.2 极端天气事件的定义
2.3 方法介绍
图1 冷湖站极端高温日数随当地平均气温的变化水平条( ├┤)代表每20个数据为一组的温度(ΔM)变化范围; 垂直条(Ⅰ)代表这一组数据(ΔE/ΔM)的标准差 Fig.1 Variation of extreme high temperature days as a function of local mean temperature in Lenghu Station. ├┤denotes the spread of temperature ΔM based on the set of 20 data, while Ⅰ denotes the standarddeviation of ΔE/ΔM |
3 中国夏季极端高温日数随平均气温变化的定量分析
3.1 夏季全国平均的极端高温日数随平均气温的变化
图2 夏季全国平均极端高温日数随全国平均气温(a)和全球平均气温(b)的变化水平条( ├┤)代表每20个数据为一组的温度(ΔM)变化范围, 垂直条(Ⅰ)代表这一组数据(ΔE/ΔM)的标准差; 超出图(a)显示范围第一个垂直条的值为-298.3~82.5 d·℃-1; 超出图(b)显示范围的前两个垂直条的值分别为-420.3~152.8 d·℃-1, -73.1~37.4 d·℃-1 Fig.2 Variation of summer extreme high temperature days averaged over mainland China as a function of mean temperature averaged over mainland China (a) or whole globe (b). ├┤denotes the spread of temperature ΔM based on the set of 20 data, while Ⅰ denotes the standard deviation of ΔE/ΔM.In Fig.2(a), the spread of Ⅰ beyond the range of figure a is from -298.3 to 82.5 d·℃-1.In Fig.2(a), the value of first two Ⅰ beyond the range of figure b are from -420.3 to 152.8 d·℃-1, from -73.1 to 37.4 d·℃-1, respectively |
3.2 中国夏季极端高温日数随平均气温变化量的空间分布
图3 中国夏季极端高温日数随当地平均气温(a), 全国平均气温(b)和全球平均气温(c)变化量的空间分布(单位: d·℃-1)Fig.3 The distribution of changes in summer extreme high temperature days averaged over mainland China as a function of local temperature (a), national mean temperature (b) and global mean temperature (c) changes.Unit: d·℃-1 |
4 中国夏季极端低温日数随平均气温变化的定量分析
4.1 夏季全国平均的极端低温日数随平均气温的变化
图4 夏季全国平均极端低温日数随全国平均气温(a)和全球平均气温(b)的变化水平条( ├┤)代表每20个数据为一组的温度(ΔM)变化范围, 垂直条(Ⅰ)代表这一组数据(ΔE/ΔM)的标准差; 超出图(a)显示范围第一个垂直条的值为-283.1~92.6 d·℃-1; 超出图(b)显示范围的前三个垂直条的区间分别为-390.2~152.6 d·℃-1, -40.8~75.1 d·℃-1, -61.0~13.1 d·℃-1 Fig.4 Variation of summer extreme low temperature days averaged over mainland China as a function of mean temperature averaged over mainland China (a) or whole globe (b). ├┤denotes the spread of temperature ΔM based on the set of 20 data, while Ⅰ denotes the standard deviation of ΔE/ΔM.In Fig.4(a), the value of the first Ⅰ beyond the range of figure a is from -283.1 to 92.6 d·℃-1.In Fig.4(b), the value of first three Ⅰ beyond the range of figure b are from -390.2 to 152.6 d·℃-1, from -40.8 to 75.1 d·℃-1, from -61.0 to 13.1 d·℃-1, respectively |
4.2 夏季中国极端低温日数随平均气温变化量的空间分布
图5 中国夏季极端低温日数随当地平均气温(a)、 全国平均气温(b)和全球平均气温(c)变化的空间分布(单位: d·℃-1)Fig.5 The distribution of changes in summer extreme low temperature days averaged over mainland China as a function of local temperature (a), national mean temperature (b), and global mean temperature (c) changes.Unit: d·℃-1 |
5 中国夏季极端降水日数随平均气温变化的定量分析
5.1 夏季全国平均的极端降水日数随平均气温的变化
图6 夏季全国平均极端降水日数随全国平均气温(a)和全球平均气温(b)的变化水平条( ├┤)代表每20个数据为一组的温度(ΔM)变化范围, 垂直条(Ⅰ)代表这一组数据(ΔE/ΔM)的标准差; 超出图(a)显示范围的第一个垂直条的值为-96.6~181.7 d·℃-1; 超出图(b)显示范围的第一个垂直条的值为-209.3~160.2 d·℃-1 Fig.6 Variation of summer extreme precipitation days averaged over mainland China as a function of mean temperature averaged over mainland China (a) and whole globe (b). ├┤denotes the spread of temperature ΔM based on the set of 20 data, while Ⅰ denotes the standard deviation of ΔE/ΔM.In Fig.6(a), the value of the first Ⅰ beyond the range of figure a is from -96.6 to 181.7 d·℃-1.In Fig.6(b), the value of the first Ⅰ beyond the range of figure b is from -209.3 to 160.2 d·℃-1 |
5.2 夏季中国极端降水日数随平均气温变化量的空间分布
图7 中国夏季极端降水日数随当地平均气温(a)、 全国平均气温(b)和全球平均气温(c)变化的空间分布(单位: d·℃-1)Fig.7 The distribution of changes in summer extreme precipitation days averaged over mainland China as a function of local temperature (a), national mean temperature (b) and global mean temperature (c) changes.Unit: d·℃-1 |
6 模式数据分析
图8 模式模拟(a, 1906 -2005年)及RCP2.6情景(b)、 RCP4.5情景(c)和RCP8.5情景(d)下预估(2006 -2099年)的夏季全球平均表面气温距平气候态参考时段1980 -1999年 Fig.8 Global mean surface temperature anomaly from historical run (a, from 1906 to 2005), and under RCP2.6 (b), RCP4.5 (c) and RCP8.5 (d) scenario (from 2006 to 2099).The 1980 -1999 mean is referent to as the climatological mean |
表2 模式历史模拟以及三种情景下夏季全球平均表面气温变化趋势Table 2 The trend of the global mean temperature of the historical run and under three scenarios, numbers in the bracket denote the range of uncertainty |
| 模式名称 | 历史模拟 | 夏季全球平均表面气温变化趋势/[℃·(100a)-1] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RCP2.6 | RCP4.5 | RCP8.5 | ||
| BCC_CSM1.1 | 0.91 | 0.51 | 1.41 | 3.88 |
| BNU_ESM | 1.37 | 0.57 | 2.19 | 4.90 |
| CanESM2 | 0.71 | 0.94 | 2.19 | 4.98 |
| CNRM-CM5 | 0.61 | 0.82 | 1.91 | 3.86 |
| NorESM1-M | 0.50 | 0.48 | 1.54 | 3.60 |
| 集合平均 | 0.82 (0.67~0.97) | 0.66 (0.57~0.75) | 1.85 (1.69~2.01) | 4.25 (3.96~4.54) |
括号中数值代表不确定性范围 |