Based on the conventional observational data, the TBB data of FY-2G satellite, data of Doppler weather radar, wind profiler radar, ground-based microwave radiometer, and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data with 1°×1° spatial resolution, the mesoscale system and atmospheric vertical structure of three typical heavy rain processes occurred on 9 June, 27 June 2015 and from 2 to 3 October 2016 (referred to as Process 1, Process 2 and Process 3, respectively) in Urumqi were studied.The results are as follows: Process 1 and Process 2 were the strong convective storm, which were generated in the southwest airflow before the high-pressure ridge and the southwest airflow in the front of the low-value system with short-term heavy precipitation, respectively; Process 3 was the steady rainstorm, which was the longer and smoother occurred in the westward airflow in front of the trough.Process 1 and Process 2 were more favorable for the occurrence of short-term heavy precipitation during heavy rain due to more unstable and more humid at the lower atmosphere than Process 3.The strong convective storm were caused by β-mesoscale convective clouds, which were relatively isolated, small in scale, rapid in generation and development, and short in life history as well as the γ-mesoscale convective system, which were small in scale, fast in growth and rapid in movement, and there were convergence of wind speed at intermediate and low-level and convergence at low-level and divergence at high-level in radial velocity; The steady rainstorm was caused long-term and large-scale laminated hybrid cloud, echoes of stratified hybrid cloud and shear lines.Wind profiler radar and microwave radiometer could meticulously describe the evolution of wind field and humidity during heavy rain, the high and low wind fields showed reverse and clockwise rotation with height, and the cold and warm advection enhanced the instability of the atmosphere before the start of heavy rain;When the rainstorm is approaching 0.5~1 h, the obvious increase of wind speed at different altitudes and the sharp development of relative humidity could be used as the early warning for the beginning of heavy rain; vertical wind shear was obvious during the rainstorm and the water vapor saturation zone developing in the form of fluctuations; horizontal wind field and relative humidity change more severely during the strong convective rainstorm.At the same time, when the water vapor saturation zone developing to the highest position in the heavy rain process, short-term heavy precipitation occurred.
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