湖气温差是影响无冰期湖泊和大气界面热量交换的重要因素， 但由于青藏高原野外观测试验开展不易， 目前青藏高原湖泊湖气温差特征的研究仍然存在不足， 同时对青藏高原湖泊湖表辐射和能量收支的研究也较少。本文利用中国区域高时空地面气象要素驱动数据集（简称ITPCAS）驱动公用陆面模式中的湖模块（简称CLM-Lake）， 对由浅至深的鄂陵湖、 班公错、 纳木错三个较大、 较深青藏高原湖泊无冰期湖气温差及湖表辐射能量平衡特征进行了研究。MODIS湖表温度数据、 气象站观测数据对模拟结果进行验证表明， CLM-Lake能较好地模拟出高原湖泊湖表温度的年内变化。由于高原地区高海拔导致的低气温和强太阳辐射影响， 深度分别为23 m和95 m的鄂陵湖和纳木错湖在无冰期湖气温差始终为正， 且从春末夏初至秋末冬初持续增大； 现有观测资料和模拟结果表明， 深度为37 m的班公错在6 -7月出现了负的湖气温差， 这可能是因为班公错湖区在6 -7月更暖更干， 加强了湖泊的蒸发， 使湖泊吸收的净辐射更多转化为潜热释放， 造成湖表面增温减弱且慢于气温， 出现负湖气温差。这一现象与高原其他湖泊在无冰期湖气温差一般为正的情况有所不同， 但由于所用班公错观测资料为5 m深处的湖水温度和距离湖畔10 km的陆面气温， 因此还需要更为准确的观测进一步验证。模拟的三个湖泊感热通量变化趋势与湖泊湖气温差变化趋势相似， 模拟的潜热通量全年均为正值。
Lake-atmosphere temperature difference （?T） plays an important role in the heat exchange between lake surface and overlying atmosphere during the ice-free period.However， due to the difficulty of carrying out field observation experiments on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau （QXP）， the characteristics of the ?T remains poorly understood.And also， there are few studies on the radiation and energy budget of the alpine lakes at present.In this study， the characteristics of ?T， radiation and energy balance at three larger and deeper alpine lakes with different depths （Ngoring， Bangong Co and Nam Co） were studied by using the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset （ITPCAS） and the one-dimensional lake module of the Community Land Model（CLM-Lake）.Verification of model results achieved with remote sensing data and observed data from meteorological station indicate that the lake model has a good ability in simulating the seasonal variations of the lake surface temperature on the QXP.As a result of the lower temperature and the stronger solar radiation caused by high altitude on the QXP， the ?T of Ngoring （23 m deep） and Nam Co （95 m deep） were always positive during the ice-free period and continued to increase from the late spring or early summer to the late autumn or early winter.Available observations and the simulations in our study showed that the Bangong Co lake， with a depth of 37 m， has a negative ?T in June and July， which may ascribed to a warmer and drier air in Bangong Co lake region in June and July， lead to a stronger evaporation over the lake surface， and more energy of the lake was released in the form of latent heat.As a result， the warming of the lake surface was weakened and slower than air temperature， eventually a negative ?T formed.This phenomenon is different from other lakes in QXP during the ice-free period where the ?T is generally positive.However， it should be noted that the observed lake water temperature at Bangong Co is 5 m below the lake surface and air temperature is over the land surface 10 km away from the lake， so more accurate data is needed for the further verification.The trend of the simulated sensible heat flux over surface of the three lakes was similar to that of ?T， and the simulated latent heat flux was positive all year round meaning that the lake was constantly sending water vapor to the atmosphere.
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