1 引言
2 资料来源与方法介绍
2.1 设备与资料介绍
2.2 云-降水微物理参数的反演和计算
3 高原涡天气背景和云雨演变概况
图1 2015年8月13 -14日高原低涡天气背景(a)500 hPa位势高度(等值线, 单位: dagpm)、 风场(矢量, 单位: m·s-1)和相对涡度(彩色区, 单位: ×10-5 s-1); (b)500 hPa水汽通量散度(彩色区和矢量, 单位: g·cm-2·hPa-1·s-1); (c)FY-2E TBB云图; ▲代表那曲的位置 Fig.1 Synoptic background of the plateau vortex from 13 to 14 August 2015.(a) is the image of geopotential heights (contour, unit: dagpm), wind field (vectors, unit: m·s-1), and relative vorticity (color area, unit: ×10-5 s-1) at 500 hPa; (b) is the image of vapor flux divergences (color areas and vectors, unit: g·cm-2·hPa-1·s-1) at 500 hPa; (c) is the FY-2E TBB image; The triangle represents the location of Nagqu site |
图2 2015年8月13 -14日那曲C波段多普勒天气雷达几个典型时刻的最大反射率因子MR(单位: dBZ)图中上侧剖面代表沿雷达横向(东西方向)取最大反射率因子的投影, 右侧剖面代表沿雷达纵向(南北方向)取最大反射率因子投影, 75 km和50 km代表雷达探测距离, 那曲站位于雷达图圆心 Fig.2 The maximum reflectance factor MR (unit: dBZ) at several typical moments of Naqu C-band Doppler weather radar from 13 to 14 August 2015.The upper side of the image represents the projection along the radar's transverse (east-west) direction for the maximum reflectance factor, and the right side represents the projection along the radar's longitudinal (north-south) direction for the maximum reflectance factor.The 75 km and 50 km in the image representthe radar detection distance, Naqu station is located at the center of radar map circle |
图3 2015年8月13日14:00至14日14:00那曲站Ka-MMCR、 K-MRR观测的Z e时间—高度回波图(a, b)和OTT2观测的地面分钟雨强R(c)(c)中DSP阶段、 DWP阶段和SP阶段分别表示深厚强对流云-降水阶段、 深厚弱对流云-降水阶段和浅薄对流云-降水阶段 Fig.3 Time-height cross sections of Ka-MMCR-observed and K-MRR-observed radar Z e (a, b), and the ground minutely rain rate observed by OTT2 (c) at Nagqu site from 14:00 on 13 to 14:00 on 14 August 2015.The DSP stage, DWP stage and SP stage represent deep strong convective cloud-precipitation stage, deep weak convective cloud-precipitation stage and shallow convective cloud-precipitation stage respectively |
4 不同阶段云-降水的垂直结构和物理特征
4.1 深厚强对流云-降水(DSP阶段)
图4 2015年8月13日深厚强对流云-降水DSP阶段Ka-MMCR观测的Z e(a, 单位: dBZ)、 V A(b, 单位: m·s-1)、 V T(c, 单位: m·s-1)、 σ v(d, 单位: m·s-1)和15:05回波强度谱(e, 单位: dBZ), K-MRR观测的Z e(f, 单位: dBZ)和降水强度R (g, 单位: mm·h-1), 以及OTT2观测的地面R (h)和雨滴谱D-log10 N(D) (i, 单位: m-3·mm-1)(b)中向上(向下)箭头表示气流的上升(下沉)区 Fig.4 Z e (a, unit: dBZ), V A (b, unit: m·s-1), V T (c, unit: m·s-1), σ v (d, unit: m·s-1) of Ka-MMCR observation in deep strong convective cloud-precipitation DSP stage and 15:05 echo intensity spectrum (e, unit: dBZ), Z e (f, unit: dBZ) and R (g, unit: mm·h-1) observed by K-MRR and surface R (h) and raindrop spectrum D-log10 N(D) (i, unit: m-3·mm-1) observed by OTT2 on 13 August 2015.The up (down) arrow indicate the rising (sinking) area of the airflow in (b) |
图5 整个DSP阶段Ka-MMCR观测的Z e(a, 单位: dBZ)、 V T(b, 单位: m·s-1)、 V A(c, 单位: m·s-1)、 σ v(d, 单位: m·s-1) 和LDR(e, 单位: dB)和K-MRR观测的Z e(f, 单位: dBZ)的各分位数和平均值廓线图(e)中-40 ℃高度层上断开的黑色粗实线是LDR回波量样本不够而出现的断线 Fig.5 The percentile and average profiles of Z e(a, unit: dBZ), V T(b, unit: m·s-1), V A(c, unit: m·s-1), σ v(d, unit: m·s-1) and LDR(e, unit: dB) observed by Ka-MMCR, and of Z e(f, unit: dBZ) observed by K-MRR during the whole DSP stage.The black thick solid line broken at the -40 ℃ altitude level is a discontinuity caused by insufficient samples of LDR echo volume |
4.2 深厚弱对流云-降水(DWP阶段)
图6 2015年8月13 -14日深厚弱对流云-降水DWP阶段Ka-MMCR观测的Z e(a, 单位: dBZ)、 V A(b, 单位: m·s-1)、 V T(c, 单位: m·s-1)、 σ v(d, 单位: m·s-1)、 LDR(e, 单位: dB)和S K(f), K-MRR观测的Z e(g, 单位: dBZ)和降水强度R (h, 单位: mm·h-1)和OTT2观测的地面R (i, 单位: mm·h-1)和雨滴谱D-log10 N(D) (j, 单位: m-3·mm-1)Fig.6 Z e (a, unit: dBZ), V A (b, unit: m·s-1), V T (c, unit: m·s-1), σ v (d, unit: m·s-1), LDR (e, unit: dB) and S K (f) observed by Ka-MMCR, and Z e (g, unit: dBZ) and R (h, unit: mm·h-1) observed by K-MRR, and surface R (i, unit: mm·h-1) and raindrop spectrum D-log10 N(D) (j, unit: m-3·mm-1)) observed by OTT2 at the deep weak convective cloud-precipitation DSP stage during 13 -14 August 2015 |
图7 整个DWP阶段Ka-MMCR观测的Z e(a, 单位: dBZ)、 V T(b, 单位: m·s-1)、 V A(c, 单位: m·s-1)、 σ v(d, 单位: m·s-1)、 LDR(e, 单位: dB)、 S K(f)和K T(g)的各分位数和平均值廓线, 以及Ka-MMCR观测的平均回波强度谱(h, 单位: dBZ)Fig.7 The percentile and average profiles of Z e(a, unit: dBZ), V T(b, unit: m·s-1), V A(c, unit: m·s-1), σ v(d, unit: m·s-1)、 LDR(e, unit: dB)、 S K (f) and K T(g)observed by Ka-MMCR, and the average echo intensity spectrum observed by Ka-MMCR (h, unit: dBZ) during the whole DWP stage |
4.3 浅薄对流云-降水(SP阶段)
图8 2015年8月14日浅薄对流云-降水SP阶段Ka-MMCR观测的Z e (a, 单位: dBZ)、 V A (b, 单位: m·s-1)、 V T (c, 单位: m·s-1)、 σ v (d, 单位: m·s-1)、 LDR(e, 单位: dB)和S K(f), K-MRR观测的Z e(g, 单位: dBZ)和R (h, 单位: mm·h-1)和OTT2观测的地面R (i, 单位: mm·h-1)和雨滴谱D-log10 N(D) (j, 单位: m-3·mm-1)Fig.8 Z e (a, unit: dBZ), V A (b, unit: m·s-1), V T (c, unit: m·s-1), σ v (d, unit: m·s-1), LDR (e, unit: dB) and S K (f) observed by Ka-MMCR, and Z e (g, unit: dBZ) and R (h, unit: mm·h-1) observed by K-MRR, and surface R (i, unit: mm·h-1) and raindrop spectrum D-log10 N(D) (j, unit: m-3·mm-1) observed by OTT2 at shallow-convective cloud-precipitation DSP stage on 14 August 2015 |
图9 整个SP阶段Ka-MMCR观测的Z e(a, 单位: dBZ)、 V T(b, 单位: m·s-1)、 V A(c, 单位: m·s-1)、 σ v(d, 单位: m·s-1)、 LDR(e, 单位: dB)、 和S K (f)和K-MRR观测的Z e(g, 单位: dBZ)的各分位数和平均值廓线, Ka-MMCR观测的平均回波强度谱(h, 单位: dBZ)Fig.9 The percentile and average profiles of Z e(a, unit: dBZ), V T(b, unit: m·s-1), V A(c, unit: m·s-1), σ v(d, unit: m·s-1) LDR(e, unit: dB) and S K(f)observed by Ka-MMCR, and Z e(g, unit: dBZ) observed by K-MRR, and the average echo intensity spectrum observed by Ka-MMCR (h, unit: dBZ) during the whole SP stage |
5 三个不同阶段云-降水垂直结构和雨滴谱差异
图11 三个不同阶段云-降水地面OTT2观测的平均雨滴谱Fig.11 Average rain drop size distributions of cloud-precipitation observed by OTT2 on ground at the three different stages |
表1 三个不同阶段降水的物理量和Gamma分布三参数Table 1 Physical quantities and Gamma distribution three parameters of precipitation at three different stages |
| 阶段 | 三个阶段降水的物理量 | Gamma分布三参数 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
/( ) |
/dBZ |
/ |
/ |
/mm |
/ |
/ |
/ | ||
| DSP | 7.53 | 40.32 | 0.276 | 317.28 | 2.21 | 4.273 | 4.412 | 3.01 | 4.523 |
| DWP | 1.18 | 24.77 | 0.064 | 212 | 1.15 | 4.678 | 6.636 | 6.4 | 10.242 |
| SP | 0.29 | 16.01 | 0.02 | 123.59 | 0.87 | 4.626 | 9.445 | 10.07 | 18.32 |