1 引言
2 资料来源和方法介绍
3 结果分析
3.1 冬季乌山阻高与不同时间尺度大气环流的联系
表1 1979/1980-2019/2020年冬季乌山阻高事件Table 1 The Ural blocking high events in winter from 1979/1980 to 2019/2020 |
| 年份 | 开始时间 (月-日) | 持续时间 /d | 年份 | 开始时间 (月-日) | 持续时间 /d | 年份 | 开始时间 (月-日) | 持续时间 /d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | 12-18 | 3 | 1993 | 12-01 | 5 | 2009 | 02-11 | 3 |
| 1979 | 12-30 | 6 | 1994 | 01-17 | 3 | 2009 | 02-17 | 8 |
| 1980 | 01-27 | 6 | 1994 | 12-06 | 3 | 2010 | 01-18 | 6 |
| 1980 | 02-05 | 7 | 1995 | 01-20 | 6 | 2010 | 01-25 | 5 |
| 1981 | 01-16 | 8 | 1995 | 02-17 | 4 | 2010 | 02-02 | 6 |
| 1981 | 02-10 | 4 | 1996 | 01-13 | 3 | 2010 | 02-09 | 6 |
| 1981 | 02-16 | 3 | 1996 | 02-17 | 3 | 2010 | 12-11 | 5 |
| 1981 | 02-20 | 5 | 1996 | 02-23 | 7 | 2010 | 12-20 | 3 |
| 1981 | 12-02 | 3 | 1996 | 12-01 | 7 | 2010 | 12-31 | 8 |
| 1981 | 12-26 | 5 | 1998 | 01-01 | 3 | 2011 | 01-18 | 8 |
| 1982 | 01-30 | 5 | 1999 | 02-20 | 7 | 2011 | 02-24 | 3 |
| 1982 | 12-13 | 3 | 1999 | 12-27 | 5 | 2011 | 12-18 | 5 |
| 1982 | 12-23 | 3 | 2000 | 02-20 | 3 | 2012 | 01-05 | 7 |
| 1983 | 12-18 | 3 | 2001 | 01-03 | 4 | 2012 | 01-15 | 12 |
| 1983 | 12-22 | 3 | 2001 | 02-04 | 6 | 2012 | 02-01 | 8 |
| 1984 | 01-14 | 7 | 2001 | 12-11 | 3 | 2012 | 02-12 | 3 |
| 1984 | 01-24 | 12 | 2002 | 02-26 | 3 | 2012 | 02-17 | 4 |
| 1984 | 02-08 | 4 | 2002 | 12-18 | 3 | 2012 | 12-11 | 9 |
| 1984 | 02-17 | 3 | 2003 | 01-21 | 5 | 2013 | 02-01 | 3 |
| 1984 | 02-27 | 3 | 2003 | 02-06 | 6 | 2013 | 2-10 | 9 |
| 1984 | 12-10 | 3 | 2003 | 12-29 | 5 | 2013 | 12-26 | 5 |
| 1984 | 12-15 | 14 | 2004 | 01-15 | 3 | 2014 | 02-25 | 4 |
| 1985 | 01-05 | 8 | 2004 | 01-25 | 11 | 2015 | 01-26 | 4 |
| 1985 | 02-17 | 5 | 2004 | 12-20 | 3 | 2015 | 02-25 | 4 |
| 1985 | 02-23 | 5 | 2005 | 01-22 | 15 | 2016 | 01-01 | 6 |
| 1986 | 01-27 | 7 | 2005 | 02-12 | 4 | 2016 | 01-20 | 3 |
| 1987 | 02-10 | 3 | 2005 | 02-18 | 4 | 2016 | 01-27 | 3 |
| 1987 | 02-16 | 4 | 2005 | 12-19 | 3 | 2016 | 02-10 | 5 |
| 1988 | 01-12 | 3 | 2005 | 12-31 | 5 | 2016 | 02-20 | 3 |
| 1988 | 01-24 | 5 | 2006 | 02-15 | 9 | 2017 | 01-14 | 4 |
| 1988 | 02-12 | 3 | 2006 | 12-09 | 5 | 2017 | 12-13 | 7 |
| 1988 | 02-24 | 6 | 2007 | 12-07 | 8 | 2018 | 01-01 | 6 |
| 1990 | 01-15 | 3 | 2007 | 12-27 | 3 | 2018 | 01-16 | 16 |
| 1990 | 02-16 | 6 | 2008 | 01-06 | 3 | 2018 | 02-07 | 3 |
| 1990 | 12-12 | 3 | 2008 | 01-19 | 5 | 2018 | 02-12 | 4 |
| 1991 | 12-23 | 4 | 2008 | 01-31 | 4 | 2018 | 12-02 | 3 |
| 1992 | 12-05 | 4 | 2008 | 12-23 | 4 | 2018 | 12-24 | 3 |
| 1993 | 02-22 | 7 | 2009 | 01-18 | 9 | 2019 | 12-13 | 6 |
图1 阻高逐年累计天数与冬季500 hPa位势高度平均场相关系数(a, 已通过99%显著性检验, 图中灰色圆点表示阻高中心位置分布, 黑色方框为关键区); 所有阻高事件500 hPa位势高度场(阴影, 单位: gpm)及距平场(黑色实线, 单位: gpm, 间隔20 gpm)(b); 关键区区域平均的冬季500 hPa位势高度功率谱分析(c, 虚线表示95%置信水平)Fig.1 The correlation coefficient between accumulated days of blocking high and average geopotential height on 500 hPa in winter (a, exceed 99% significance level, the grey dots represent geographic distribution of blocking high and black frame represents key area); the 500 hPa geopotential height (shading, unit: gpm) and its anomaly (unit: gpm, black solid lines with interval of 20 gpm) of all blocking high events (b); power spectral analysis of the box-average 500 hPa geopotential height in winter (c, dashed line denotes 95% significance level) |
图2 所有阻高事件-10天至+4天500 hPa位势高度距平(黑色实线)及各分量变化情况(a); 所有阻高事件-10天至+4天500 hPa位势高度倾向(黑色实线)及各分量变化情况(b); 所有阻高事件维持过程中(0天到阻高事件结束)500 hPa位势高度各分量平均(c); 所有阻高事件建立过程中(-4天到0天)500 hPa位势高度倾向之和(d)星号表示阻高维持过程Fig.2 The 500 hPa geopotential height anomaly (black solid line) and the variation of each component of all blocking high events from -10 day to +4 day (a); the 500 hPa geopotential height tendency (black solid line) and the variation of each component of all blocking high events from -10 day to +4 day (b); each component average of 500 hPa geopotential height of all blocking high events during maintenance process (0 day to the end of blocking high events) (c); the sum of 500 hPa geopotential height tendency of all blocking high events in the establishment process (-4 day to 0 day) (d).Pentagrams indicate the maintenance process of blocking high |
图3 500 hPa位势高度10~20天振荡(a~d)及20~80天振荡(e~h)的四个位相中滤波后位势高度异常(等值线, 单位: gpm)和位势高度倾向(阴影, 单位: gpm·d-1)分布图; 阻高事件建立过程在两类振荡事件不同位相分布频率(i); 以及阻高事件维持过程在两类振荡事件不同位相分布频率(j)Fig.3 The filtered geopotential height anomaly (contour, unit: gpm) and geopotential height tendency (shaded, unit: gpm·d-1) in four phases for the 10~20 day oscillations (a~d) and 20~80 day oscillations (e~h) of the 500 hPa geopotential height; the frequency of different phase distributions of the blocking high establishment process in the two types of oscillation events (i); the frequency of different phase distributions of the blocking high maintenance process in the two types of oscillation events (j) |
图4 所有阻高事件500 hPa位势高度10~20天(a)和20~80天(b)滤波后传播特征 阴影为滤波后数据, 已通过95%显著性检验, 单位: gpm; 黑线为位势高度倾向, 单位: gpm·d-1, 间隔2 gpm·d-1; 黑色框表示关键区Fig.4 The propagation characteristics of 10~20 day (a) and 20~80 day (b) filtered 500 hPa geopotential height of all blocking high events.Shadings represent filtered data, which have passed significance test of 95%, unit: gpm.Black lines denote geopotential height tendency with interval of 2 gpm·d-1, unit: gpm·d-1.Black frames represent key area |
图5 所有阻高事件500 hPa位势高度滤波后时间-纬度剖面图(a, b)及时间-经度剖面(c, d)(单位: gpm)打点表示通过90%显著性检验Fig.5 Time-latitude profile of filtered 500 hPa geopotential height in (a, b) for all blocking high events, time-longitude profile of filtered 500 hPa geopotential height in (c, d) for all blocking high events.Unit: gpm.The dots have passed the significance test of 90% |
3.2 连续和非连续阻高事件建立与维持的差异
表2 1979/1980-2019/2020年冬季乌拉尔山地区连续阻高事件Table 2 The continuous Ural blocking high events in winter from 1979/1980 to 2019/2020 |
| 年份 | 开始时间 (月-日) | 持续时间 /d | 年份 | 开始时间 (月-日) | 持续时间 /d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 | 02-16 | 3 | 2005 | 02-12 | 4 |
| 1981 | 02-20 | 5 | 2005 | 02-18 | 4 |
| 1983 | 12-18 | 3 | 2009 | 02-11 | 3 |
| 1983 | 12-22 | 3 | 2009 | 02-17 | 8 |
| 1984 | 12-10 | 3 | 2010 | 01-18 | 6 |
| 1984 | 12-15 | 14 | 2010 | 01-25 | 5 |
| 1985 | 02-17 | 5 | 2010 | 02-02 | 6 |
| 1985 | 02-23 | 5 | 2010 | 02-90 | 6 |
| 1987 | 02-10 | 3 | 2012 | 02-12 | 3 |
| 1987 | 02-16 | 4 | 2012 | 02-17 | 4 |
| 1996 | 02-17 | 3 | 2018 | 02-07 | 3 |
| 1996 | 02-23 | 7 | 2018 | 02-12 | 4 |
图6 连续(a)和其他(b)阻高事件500 hPa位势高度场(阴影, 单位: gpm)及距平场(黑色实线, 单位: gpm, 间隔20 gpm); 连续阻高事件与其他阻高事件500 hPa位势高度距平差值场(c, 单位: gpm)打点表示通过90%显著性检验Fig.6 The 500 hPa geopotential height (shading, unit: gpm) and its anomaly (unit: gpm, black solid lines with interval of 20 gpm) of continuous blocking high events (a) and other blocking high events (b); the difference field of 500 hPa geopotential height anomaly between continuous blocking high events and other blocking high events (c, unit: gpm).Dots have passed the significance test of 90% |
图7 连续(a)和其他(b)阻高事件-10天至+4天500 hPa位势高度距平(黑色实线)及各分量变化情况; 连续(c)和其他(d)阻高事件-10天至+4天500 hPa位势高度倾向(黑色实线)及各分量变化情况; 连续(e)和其他(f)阻高事件维持过程中(0天到阻高事件结束)500 hPa位势高度各分量平均; 连续(g)和其他(h)阻高事件建立过程中(-4天到0天)500 hPa位势高度倾向之和 星号表示阻高维持过程Fig.7 The 500 hPa geopotential height anomaly (black solid line) and the variation of each component of continuous blocking high events (a) and other blocking high events (b) from -10 day to +4 day; the 500 hPa geopotential height tendency (black solid line) and the variation of each component of continuous blocking high events (c) and other blocking high events (d) from -10 day to +4 day; each component average of 500 hPa geopotential height during maintenance process of continuous blocking high events (e) and other blocking high events (f) (0 day to the end of blocking high events); the sum of 500 hPa geopotential height tendency of continuous blocking high events (g) and other blocking high events (h) in the establishment process (-4 day to 0 day).Pentagrams indicate the maintenance process of blocking high |
图8 连续阻高事件建立过程(a)、 维持过程(b)及其他阻高事件建立过程(c)、 维持过程(d)在10~20天振荡和20~80天振荡不同位相的分布频率Fig.8 The distribution frequency of different phases of continuous blocking high events establishment process (a), maintenance process (b) and other blocking high events establishment process (c), maintenance process (d) in 10~20 days oscillation and 20~80 days oscillation |
图9 连续阻高事件500 hPa位势高度滤波后时间-纬度剖面图(a, b)及时间-经度剖面(c, d)(单位: gpm)打点区域表示通过90%显著性检验Fig.9 Time-latitude profile of filtered 500 hPa geopotential height in (a, b) for continuous blocking high events, time-longitude profile of filtered 500 hPa geopotential height in (c, d) for continuous blocking high events.Unit: gpm.The black dots have passed the significance test of 90% |
3.3 两类阻高事件典型个例对比分析
图10 连续阻高典型事件(a, 1984年12月10 -12日、 1984年12月15 -28日)和其他阻高典型事件(b, 2018年1月16 -31日)500 hPa位势高度场(阴影, 单位: gpm)及距平场(黑色实线, 单位: gpm, 间隔40 gpm); 1984年12月1日至1985年1月5日(c)和2018年1月1日至2月5日(d)500 hPa位势高度及各分量变化(星号表示阻高事件开始和结束日期)Fig.10 The 500 hPa geopotential height (shading, unit: gpm) and its anomaly (unit: gpm, black solid lines with interval of 40 gpm) for the typical events of continuous blocking high (a, December 10-December 12, 1984 and December 15-December 28, 1984) and the 500 hPa geopotential height (shading, unit: gpm) and its anomaly (unit: gpm, black solid lines with interval of 40 gpm) for the typical events of other blocking high (b, January 16-January 31, 2018); the 500 hPa geopotential height and the variation of each component from December 1, 1984-January 5, 1985 (c) and from January 1-February 5, 2018 (d).Pentagrams indicate the start and end date of the blocking events |