利用中国2005-2009年2 000多个国家级气象观测站雨量资料和2002-2011年部分探空站探空资料， 研究了中国短时强降水、 强冰雹、 雷暴大风以及混合型强对流天气的环境参数特征， 通过环境参数特征的对比分析， 将上述四种强对流天气加以区分， 并对所选取的探空数据和环境参数进行了分类和对比分析， 结果表明： （1）通过T-logp图温湿曲线形态、 500~700 hPa和850~500 hPa温差、 0  ℃、 -20  ℃层和平衡层高度、 地面和1.5 km高度的露点温度、  1.5 km高度温度露点差、 对流有效位能和0~6 km垂直风切变等区分上述四种类型强对流天气的环境背景； （2）纯粹短时强降水天气（包括I、 II型）与强冰雹天气、 雷暴大风天气环境参数的区别比较显著， 前者与后两者相比主要表现在较小的700~500 hPa和850~500 hPa温差， 弱的垂直风切变， 较高的0  ℃层、 -20  ℃层和平衡层高度， 较大的地面和地面以上1.5 km处的露点温度， 其中短时强降水I型（占了纯粹短时强降水的大多数）以其整层较高的相对湿度与其他类型强对流的环境背景差异最为明显； （3）混合型强天气与强冰雹天气、 雷暴大风天气在T-logp图温湿曲线形态、 对流有效位能及0~6 km垂直风切变诸方面特征相似， 表现为对流层中层存在明显干层、 较大的对流有效位能和0~6 km垂直风切变， 但在相对较高的平衡层高度、 较高地面和地面以上1.5 km处露点温度及较小的850~500 hPa温差等方面与纯粹短时强降水更为接近。

The characteristics of environmental parameters of severe short-term precipitation, large hail, severe thunderstorm winds and the co-existence convective weather in China are studied, based on the rainfall data from more than 2 000 national weather stations and part of the sounding data during 2002-2011. The conclusions are: (1) The following parameters, including the shape of stratification and dew curve, the temperature  difference   between 700 hPa and 500 hPa, the temperature difference  between 850 hPa and 500 hPa, the height of 0  ℃, -20  ℃ and balance layer, the dew point temperature on the surface and at 1.5 km height, the temperature-dew point spread on 1.5 km height, the convective available potential energy (CAPE) and the vertical wind shear in 0~6 km, can be used to effectively distinguish the environmental background of the four types of severe convective weather. (2) Differences of the environmental background are relatively significant between the pure short-term heavy rain (including type I, II ) and large hail and severe thunderstorm winds. Comparing with the latter, the former has smaller temperature difference between 700 hPa and 500 hPa, smaller temperature difference between 850 hPa and 500 hPa, weak vertical wind shear, relatively high altitude of 0  ℃, -20  ℃ and balance layer, larger dew point temperature on the surface and 1.5 km height. The type I (accounting for the majority of the short-term heavy rain), with its higher relative humidity at the whole layer, is obviously different from the others. (3) Co-existence severe weather is similar to the large hail weather and the severe thunderstorm wind weather, in the following aspects: The shape of stratification and dew curve, the value of CAPE and the 0~6 km vertical wind shear. There is an obvious dry layer at the middle troposphere and larger value of CAPE and shear. However, the co-existence weather has relatively high altitude of balance layer, larger dew point temperature on the surface and the 1.5 km height and smaller  temperature difference  between 850 hPa and 500 hPa. In these respects, the co-existence weather is closer to the pure short-term heavy precipitation.