Using the surface heat fluxes data observed by eddy covariance (EC) method, radiation observation data, three heights of wind, humidity and temperature observation data in Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) during June, July and August 2009, the fluxes estimated by variational method were compared against those observed by EC method and also the effects were investigated on estimated heat fluxes when using the different similarity functions in the variational method. The results show that the heat fluxes estimated by the variational method generally have the same temporal changes as those from EC method but difference exist during time periods around midday. The performances are different by using the different similarity functions with the variational method: In the unstable conditions, the different similarity functions has a great effect on heat flux estimation, however, the impact will significantly reduce when the unstable condition become weak; under the stable conditions, the effect is very small on heat flux estimation by using the different similarity functions so it could be ignored as compared with the observational errors.
[1]Xu Q, Qiu C J. A variational method for computing surface heat fluxes from ARM surface energy and radiation balance systems[J]. J Appl Meteor, 1997, 36: 3-11.
[2]Zhang S W, Qiu C J, Zhang W D. Estimating heat fluxes by merging profile formulae and the energy budget with a variational technique[J]. Adv Atmos Sci, 2004, 21 (4): 627-636.
[3]任宏利, 王澄海, 邱崇践, 等. 利用变分法计算西北典型干旱区地表通量的研究[J]. 大气科学, 2004, 28(2): 267-277.
[4]张述文, 邱崇践, 张卫东. 用变分方法估算淮河流域总体输送系数[J]. 高原气象, 2004, 23(4): 506-511.
[5]杨娟, 周广胜, 王云龙, 等. 基于变分方法的内蒙古典型草原水热通量估算[J]. 应用生态学报, 2006, 17(11): 2046-2051.
[6]张述文, 邱崇践, 张卫东. 估算地表热通量和近地层土壤含水量的变分方法[J]. 气象学报, 2007, 65(3): 440-448.
[7]赵鸣. 大气边界层动力学[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2006: 36-59.
[8]岳平, 张强, 牛生杰, 等. 春季内蒙古草原典型晴天与沙尘条件下湍流速度统计特征对比分析[J]. 高原气象, 2011, 30(5): 1180-1188.
[9]Nieuwstadt F T M. The computation of the friction velocity u* and the temperature scale T* from temperature and wind profiles by least square methods[J]. Bound-Layer Meteor, 1978, 14: 235-246.
[10]Fritschen L J, Simpson J R. Surface energy and radiation balance systems: General description and improvements[J]. J Appl Meteor, 1989, 28: 680-689.
[11]Foken T. The energy balance closure problem: An overview[J]. Ecological Applications, 2008, 18(6): 1351-1367.
[12]王介民, 崔铁民, 玉川一郎. 一种湍流数据采集与实时处理系统[J ]. 高原气象, 1992, 11(4): 460-469.
[13]周连童, 黄荣辉. 中国西北干旱、 半干旱区感热的年代际变化特征及其与中国夏季降水的关系[J]. 大气科学, 2008, 32(6): 1276-1288.
[14]Beljaars A C M, Holtslag A A M. Flux parameterization over land surfaces for atmospheric models[J]. J Appl Meteor, 1991, 30: 327-341.
[15]Paulson C A. The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer[J]. J Appl Meteor, 1970, 9: 856-861.
[16]Guo X F, Zhang H S, Cai X H, et al. Discrepancy and applicability of various similarity functions in flux calculations under stable condition[J]. Adv Atmos Sci, 2007, 24(4): 644-654.
[17]Zuo J Q, Huang J P, Wang J M, et al. Surface turbulent flux measurements over the Loess Plateau for a semi-arid climate change study[J]. Adv Atmos Sci, 2009, 26: 679-691.
[18]Businger J A, Wyngaard J C, Izumi Y, et al. Flux profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer[J]. J Atmos Sci, 1971, 28: 181-189.
[19]Yaglom A M. Comments on wind and temperature flux-profile relationships[J]. Bound-Layer Meteor, 1977, 11: 89-102.
[20]Dyer A J. A review of flux-profile relationships[J]. Bound-Layer Meteor, 1974, 7: 363-372.
[21]李宏宇, 张强, 赵建华, 等. 陇中黄土高原地表能量不平衡特征及其影响机制研究[J]. 高原气象, 2010, 29(5): 1153-1162.
[22]Lorenc A C. Analysis methods for numerical weather prediction[J]. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , 1986, 112: 1177-1194.
[23]胡隐樵, 奇跃进. 组合法确定近地面层湍流通量和通用函数[J]. 气象学报, 1991, 49(1): 46-53.
[24]Thom A S , Stewart J B, Liver H R, et al. Comparison of aerodynamic and energy budget estimates of fluxes over a pine forest[J]. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc, 1975, 101: 93-105.
[25]Mauder M, Liebethal C, G ckede M, et al. Processing and quality control of flux data during LITFASS-2003[J]. Bound-Layer Meteor, 2006, 121: 67-88.
[26]王介民, 王维真, 刘绍民, 等. 近地层能量平衡闭合问题综述及个例分析[J]. 地球科学进展, 2009, 24(7): 705-713.
[27]张文煜, 张宇, 陆晓静, 等. 黄土高原半干旱区非均一下垫面粗糙度分析[J]. 高原气象, 2009, 28(4): 763-768.
[28]Brutsaert W H. Evaporation into the atmosphere: theory, history, and applications[M]. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1982: 299.
[29]Kader B A, Yaglom A M. Mean fields and fluctuation moments in unstably stratified turbulent boundary layers[J]. J Fluid Mech, 1990, 212: 637-661.
[30]Carl D M, Tarbell T C, Panofsk H A. Profiles of wind and temperature from towers over homogeneous terrain[J]. J Atmos Sci, 1973, 30: 788-794.
[31]Hgstrm U. Non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles in the atmospheric surface layer[J]. Bound-Layer Meteor, 1988, 42: 263-270.
[32]Frenzen P, Vogel C A. The turbulent kinetic energy budget in the atmospheric surface Layer: A review and an experimental reexamination in the field[J]. Bound-Layer Meteor, 1992, 60: 49-76.
[33]Cheng Y G, Brutsaert W. Flux-profile relationships for wind speed and temperature in the stable atmospheric boundary layer[J]. Bound-Layer Meteor, 2005, 114: 519-538.
[34]Holtslag A A M, De Bruin H A R. Applied modeling of the nighttime surface energy balance over land[J]. J Appl Meteor, 1988, 27: 689-704.
[35]Mauder M, Desjardins R L, Pattey E, et al. An attempt to close the daytime surface energy balance using spatially-averaged flux measurement[J]. Bound-Layer Meteor, 2010, 136:175-191.
