The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is characterized as one of the key areas of global energy and water cycle and is known as Asian water tower.Climate change of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau has significant impacts on the environmental changes of the its own and surrounding areas.This paper reviews the facts and mechanisms of recent 60 years’ climate change and its associated environmental impacts， emphasizing surface warming， change of surface radiation， precipitation variability among different seasons and regions， change of surface wind speed and surface environment.Changes of skin temperature， surface air temperature and surface wind speed and associated mechanisms during past decade over the Plateau are also analyzed based on reanalysis and site data.Finally， the issues that need to be solved have been sorted out.The conclusions are as follows： （1） The surface warming over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau was earlier and faster than that along the same latitude in Northern Hemisphere.The elevation-dependence warming and increase of clear sky downward longwave radiation caused by Interdecadal atmospheric humidification are the main causes of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau surface warming.However， the variations of surface temperature during past decade are concentrated on inter-annual scale.（2） Due to the continuous rapid warming of the plateau and the anomalies of sea temperature and atmospheric circulation， the precipitation in different regions and seasons presents various variability.（3） Interdecadal shift of surface wind speed is mainly drwen by the meridional difference in warming between the Qinghai-Xizang plateall and the mid-latitude Eurasian Continent and anomalous atmospheric circulation.（4） Environmental changes on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are mainly manifested as lake expansion， permafrost degradation， and advance of vegetation rejuvenation； Since the 1990s， glacier in the western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau have been stabilized or even partially recovered， while， glacier in the southeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau continue to retreat.The above results are mainly caused by the dipole pattern that precipitation increased and decreased over western and eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau， respectively.Meanwhile， the seasonal and intra-seasonal variations of the Summer Monsoon can be reasonable indicators to the vegetation growth and the spatiotemporal variations of vegetation rejuvenation period.（5） The mechanism and numerical simulation of surface temperature and wind speed changes in different seasons and regions need to be further investigated； performance of temperature and precipitation in climate models needs to the improved； high-resolution numerical simulation and data assimilation based on regional models need to be strengthened urgently.

Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Monsoon （QXPM） is a prevailing wind system with a seasonal reversal of wind direction， which is caused by the thermal effects of the plateau.QXPM plays a vital role in the energy budget and water cycle of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau （QXP） and thus has profound impacts on the formation and variations of Asian climate and environment.The review on the QXPM and its climatic influence is not only the need for an in-depth understanding of the climatic and environmental of QXP but the requirements of the country's ecological civilization construction and social and economic development.This paper reviews the advances of studies in QXPM， emphasizing its multi-scale variability， factors affecting the QXPM， and its climate and environmental effects.The existing studies show that the formation of QXPM is an important sign of the beginning of Quaternary and related to the uplift of QXP closely.The variation in QXPM is significantly influenced by QXP heating， the tropical sea surface temperature， Atlantic Oscillation， and teleconnection patterns.Existence and variations in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Monsoon have notable impacts on the climate of the QXP and its surrounding area， such as Asian monsoon， South Asian high， mid-latitude westerlies， and so on.In the future， the relationship between the water vapor transport condition， thermal characteristics， and dynamic characteristics of the plateau monsoon system needs to be clarified.Studies on the interaction between the complex land surface process and the QXPM need to be strengthened.Moreover， under the background of global climate change， it's also necessary for us to analyze the response of QXPM to QXP warming.

As a climate-sensitive region， precipitation over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau significantly impacts the water cycle and the climate of East Asia.Therefore， it is important to study its changes.Precipitation is an important variable in the global hydrological cycle and one of the major climate systems affected by climate change.To investigate the ability of the global climate models to simulate precipitation over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau and examine possible changes in future precipitation under the new model and scenarios， this paper uses the latest monthly precipitation data from the 31 climate models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 （CMIP6） and the CN05.1 precipitation observation data set provided by the National Climate Center to evaluate the ability of the CMIP6 model to simulate precipitation over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau.Furthermore， better models are selected to project the future precipitation of the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathway （SSP） scenarios.The results show that the model distribution of observed precipitation over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau from 1995 to 2014 is characterized by a decrease from southeast to northwest and a summer precipitation concentration.Most of the models can simulate the precipitation distribution and seasonal trend， but almost all of them overestimate the precipitation phenomenon， and the average precipitation of multiple modes is 102% higher than that observed.In general， the latest model of CMIP6 has a poor ability to simulate precipitation over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau， and the average relative deviation index of the model from the observation is 102%， indicating that most of the models are not satisfactory， and EC-Earth3-Veg-LR， MPI-ESM1-2-LR， EC-Earth3-Veg， and MRI-ESM2-0 are selected as the better modes after quantitative analysis of all the models， which can roughly reflect the precipitation characteristics of the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau.Climate models show the slowest increase of precipitation over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau under the SSP1-2.6 scenario and the fastest increase under SSP5-8.5.From SSP1-2.6 in the small radiative forcing scenario to SSP5-8.5 in the large scenario， the recent （from 2021 to 2040） precipitation increase on the plateau is difficult to find a large difference in each scenario， but there is a significant increase in the mid （from 2041 to 2060） and late （from 2081 to 2100） scenarios， indicating that carbon emission intensity has a small impact in the short term and a large impact in the long term.The future increase in precipitation mainly occurs in the area south of the Nianqing Tanggula Mountains， from a seasonal point of view， the summer increase is the largest， followed by spring and autumn， the smallest increase is in winter， so we should pay attention to the future summer and spring precipitation changes over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau and take coping measures.

In order to explore the role of the changes in the strength and weakness of the South Asian monsoon on the vertical circulation of the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau， the South Asian monsoon index WYI was calculated using the high-resolution JRA55 reanalysis data for the past 30 years from 1990 to 2019 and the strong and weak years of the South Asian monsoon were selected， and the effects of the changes in the strength and weakness of the South Asian monsoon on the vertical circulation of the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau were analyzed by comparing the three different periods of the pre-monsoon outbreak， outbreak period and late outbreak.The following main conclusions were obtained： （1） The strength and extent of updrafts on the southern side of the plateau in May in WYI strong years are greater than in weak years， the intensity of updrafts on the main and southern sides of the plateau increases in July， and the difference between strong and weak years is not obvious.（2） In May and October， both mass and energy converge to the plateau from the south and north sides of the plateau， while in July， it turns to dissipate mass and energy from the plateau to the north and south sides.the intensity of the upper-level radiation dispersion in the south side of the plateau in the WYI strong year is greater than that in the weak year， and the difference of the irradiation intensity in the lower level is smaller.The difference in the intensity of energy and mass transfer between WYI strong and weak years is greatest in May and least in July.（3） In the WYI strong year， the 100 hPa South Asian high pressure shifts to the western type in October， and the 500 hPa West Pacific subalpine lifts northward， so the wind field on the southern side of the plateau shifts and raises the high altitude temperature， while in the WYI weak year this phenomenon occurs in May， indicating that the South Asian monsoon changes the horizontal circulation situation at high altitude and thus affects the vertical circulation of the plateau.The surface temperature of the main body of the plateau in May， July and October in WYI strong years is greater than that in weak years， indicating that under the influence of the warm and humid airflow brought by the South Asian monsoon， the updraft from the southern side of the plateau lifts to the plateau， and the surface temperature of the plateau increases significantly， and the surface heat of the plateau increases which in turn affects the vertical circulation of the plateau.

The freeze-thaw process is one of the most prominent features of the land surface process on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau， and quantifying the variation of the key variables that denote the soil freeze-thaw process has scientific significance for understanding the climate change， hydrological processes and ecosystems of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.By using the ECMWF/ERA5 （European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts/ERA5） reanalyzed soil temperature， volumetric soil water and air temperature data， the temporal and spatial trends of the start date of soil freezing， the start date of soil thawing and the duration of the soil freezing and their relationships with the air temperature and altitude were investigated by using linear regression， Mann-Kendall test， moving t test and correlation analysis.These results demonstrated that the spatial distribution of soil freeze-thaw process in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is characterized by a trend of delaying freeze， advancing thaw and shortening freeze from the northwest to the southeast.The soil freeze-thaw process varied significantly on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau from 1979 to 2018.The start date of soil freezing was delayed by 14.0 days with a rate of 0.17 d·a^-1， and the start date of soil thawing was advanced by 11.0 days with a rate of 0.07 d·a^-1， and the duration of the soil freeze was shortened by 25.0 days with a rate of 0.23 d·a^-1 over the past 40 years.The overall trend of soil freeze-thaw process is the same in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau， while the local rate is different.Throughout the period of study， the duration of the soil freeze in the southern and the northern Changtang Plateau is shortened by 47.2 days and 32.9 days.The first date of the soil freeze， the first date of the soil thaw and the duration of the soil freeze are significantly correlated with temperature and altitude.If the air temperature rises by 1.0 ℃， the first date of the soil freeze will be delayed by 5.2 days， and the first date of the soil thaw will be advanced by 4.5 days， so that the duration of the soil freeze will be shortened by 9.8 days.In the high cold Tibetan climatological zone， the first date of the soil freeze will be advanced by 9.1 days， and the first date of the soil thaw will be delayed by 4.9 days， while the duration of the soil freeze will be increased by 13.9 days as the altitude increases by 1000.0 m.

Featured with high topography， the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau （QXP） shows very significant dynamic and efficient thermal effects， and the land-atmosphere interaction and the atmospheric boundary layer processes are very important for the weather development and climate change over the QXP and its surrounding regions.Since the 1960s， especially after 1979， a series of observation and research programs have been conducted， including "the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Meteorological Science Experiment （QXPMEX） "， " The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Experiment （TIPEX-Ⅱ）"， "the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment （GEWEX）， the Asian Monsoon Experiment on the Tibetan Plateau（GAME/Tibet）"， "the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period （CEOP） Asia-Australia Monsoon Project on the Tibetan Plateau（CAMP/Tibet）"， "the Tibetan Observation and Research Platform （TORP）"， and "The Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Scientific Experiment （TIPEX-Ⅲ）"， where the observation analysis， numerical simulation and satellite application of the land-atmosphere interaction and the atmospheric boundary layer processes are the most important contents.Here， we reviewed the major atmospheric scientific experiments over the QXP in the past 40 years and summarized the observation experiments of the land-atmosphere interaction and the atmospheric boundary layer processes systematically.The relevant results are briefly summarized in 5 aspects， including the land-atmosphere interaction process， the atmospheric boundary layer process， the surface and atmospheric heat sources， satellite application of land evapotranspiration， numerical simulation of land surface processes.

Using radiosonde and ground mapping data from conventional observations， FNL analysis data （1°×1°） and quality controlled hourly precipitation data of Yunnan regional automatic station， diagnosed the function of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau’s eastern slope topography in the PLV （plateau vortex） affected precipitation in Yunnan during 2-3 July 2017.While the latest WRFv4.0 numerical model is used to conduct the topographic sensitivity test of this process.The results show that PLV which generated in the Yajiang region of Sichuan province （NO.C1735） is an important system influenced on this heavy rainfall in Yunnan； This low-vortex system maintain warm core structure in the middle and high altitude during the process period， corresponding with remarkable alternately distribution of ascending and descending movements； Distribution of process accumulated rainfall present two obvious NW-SE rain belts parallel to the mountain trend and the precipitation on the rain belt have intensity interlaced fluctuation characteristics； The heavy rainfall mainly occurred within two periods： one from afternoon to evening and other at the first half of the night， and all located besides the terrain slope （the east and south slopes）， especially in areas with steep terrain， large slopes， and trumpet-shaped topography， and then propagates downstream alone with the PLV； The South Asian High， northwest divergent airflow， Western Pacific subtropical high and Yunnan-Myanmar high provides favorable upper flow field for the eastward movement and development of the PLV， besides the position of 500 hPa positive vorticity and 700 hPa water vapor flux convergence can well indicates the heavy rainfall area； There exist β-mesoscale gravity wave during the period of precipitation， which stimulated by the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau’s eastern slope， and propagate between 300~200 hPa； Non geostrophic equilibrium motion and vertical wind shear at high-altitude are beneficial to the occurrence and propagation of gravity wave； The gravity wave propagate downstream before the PLV and precipitation， its wave ridge corresponds to the upward motion and divergence center， whereas the wave trough corresponds to the descending motion and convergence center， the heavy precipitation and the wave ridge are all located at the southwest side of PLV， the area of strong convergence and upward movement； After reduced the terrain height， its mechanical blocking and lifting effect weakened， the gravity wave and PLV disappears， leading to significant changes in the intensity and spatial distribution of the rain belt； Thus， the topography of the eastern slope of the Plateau plays important role both on the formation and development of PLV and precipitation in Yunnan under the influence of PLV.

The Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau is known as the Asian water tower.The change of its water resources has an important impact on the weather and climate in the lower reaches.Precipitation is a key role in the water cycle.Therefore， it is of great significance to accurately simulate plateau precipitation for water resources security in China.In recent years， some studies have found that the convection-permitting model （the cumulus parameterization scheme could be turned off when grid scale is less than 4 km） could improve the precipitation simulation over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau.However， the previous studies only selected 1~3 cumulus parameterization schemes for comparison.It is still unknown whether convection-permitting model is superior to any cumulus parameterization scheme.In this paper， the ability of nine cumulus parameterization schemes in WRF and convection-permitting model （CPM） in simulating the precipitation over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau in the summer of 2009 was evaluated.The results showed that the simulations overestimate the summer precipitation over Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau in 2009， and the error was about 0.4~2 mm·d^-1.The over simulation of CAPE and latent heat flux in Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau may be one of the reasons for the overestimations.Among all simulations， the G3 cumulus parameterization scheme has the best simulation of the mean precipitation the mean precipitation and the dinural cycles precipitation and it can can better capture the precipitation intensity， spatial distribution， precipitation area and diurnal cycles of the mean precipitation.CPM showed overall the second best precipitation simulation following G3 cumulus parameterization scheme， which can not effectively improve the simulation of diurnal cycles of precipitation， but can improve the simulation of precipitation frequency.In different plateau ecological regions， all simulations cannot reasonably simulate the precipitation in the desert area and the southern foot of the Himalaya， but compared with the cumulus parameterization schemes， CPM can greatly reduce the error in the desert area.In other regions， CPM and Tiedtke cumulus parameterization scheme performed well.Considering the mean precipitation and precipitation frequency， the CPM， Tiedtke and G3 cumulus parameterization scheme have the minimum simulation error for precipitation in different regions and intensity.Therefore， we recommend to adopt G3 or Tiedtke cumulus parameterization schemes in simulating summer precipitation over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau， and when the computational resources are allowed， the high-resolution CPM can be considered to improve the precipitation frequency simulations.

Using 1979 -2014 Global Land Data Assimilation System-the Community surface parameter data set， China regional daily observation data grid data set （CN05.1） and ERA-interim reanalyze atmospheric circulation data.To study the relationship between the abnormal soil moisture in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in May and the surface heat flux in June and the precipitation change in July.The results show that： （1） From 1979 to 2014， the average soil moisture in the 0~10 cm layer area in May was abnormally high years were： 2000， 2001， 2004， 2005， 2006， 2013； the abnormal low years were： 1994， 1995， 1996， 1998， 1999.Soil moisture increased after 2000.Soil moisture increased after 2000.The soil moisture in the higher Tibetan Plateau， the Three Rivers Source Region， and the southern Tibetan valley is significantly higher than in the lower years.The results passed the 90% confidence test.（2） There is a clear correlation between the abnormality of soil moisture in spring and the distribution of summer precipitation in China.When the soil is wet （dry）， from high latitude to low latitude， the relevant area is "+ - + -" （"- + - +"） banded distribution.（3） The soil is moist in May， and the sensible heat flux in the east and the latent heat flux in the west increase in June.Their combined effect strengthens the convergent circulation of the lower atmosphere and the divergence circulation of the upper layer， so that the East Asia region is controlled by the strong anticyclone circulation above 850 hPa.The 500 hPa and above in the northeast of the plateau is an anticyclone circulation， and the south and west are cyclonic circulations.This circulation field configuration makes the South Asian high pressure move eastward and the Western Pacific subtropical high pressure.（4） In July， the Huanghuai area on the north side of the Pacific High has a vertical upward movement.The warm and moist air flow converges with the dry and cold air flow on the west side of the northeast cold vortex.High-level divergence and low-level convergence are conducive to precipitation in Huanghuai area.The eastern northwestern and northern China regions are controlled by anticyclonic circulation， with strong sinking movement， dry and cold air， and insufficient water vapor transport， which is unfavorable for precipitation.

To promote the understanding of precipitation microphysical characteristics and differences in the central and eastern Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau and the Sichuan Basin， disdrometer measurements collected at Naqu， Yushu， Linzhi， Batang， Luding， and Chengdu from July to August 2019 and 2020 are utilized to comprehensively investigate the characteristics and differences of raindrop size distributions （RSDs） among the six different areas.Meanwhile， local empirical relations between the Gamma shape parameter and slope parameter and between the reflectivity factor and rain rate are proposed and compared.The results show that RSDs in the basin and adjacent areas （Chengdu and Luding） are generally wider and have higher number concentrations of medium-to-large raindrops （diameter ≥1.0 mm） than those in the plateau areas （Naqu， Yushu， Linzhi， and Batang） due to the contribution of more strong convective precipitation.In contrast， RSDs in the plateau areas are narrower and possess higher number concentrations of small raindrops （diameter <1.0 mm） due to more occurrences of stratiform and weak-convective precipitation.RSDs gradually become wider with higher number concentrations as the increase of rainfall intensity both in the six observation areas.The RSD differences among the six observation areas can also change with the rain rate.Specifically， when the rain rate exceeds 0.1 mm·h^-1， the increase of the number concentration of small raindrops with increasing rain rate is significantly greater in Naqu and Linzhi than in other areas， and can gradually exceed that in Chengdu.When the rain rate exceeds 5 mm·h^-1， the differences in the number concentrations of medium-to-large raindrops between Chengdu and Luding and other plateau areas also gradually become larger.With the same shape parameters， the slope parameters in Chengdu and Luding are smaller than in other areas， indicating that they possess a slower decreasing rate of raindrop number concentration with increasing particle size than that in other plateau areas.Under the same radar echo intensities （reflectivity factor）， rain rates of stratiform precipitation in Naqu and Linzhi are greater than in other regions.The rain rate of convective precipitation in Linzhi is also greater than that in other areas when the radar echo is below 40 dBZ， but the rain rate of convective precipitation in Naqu can be smaller than that in other areas when the radar echo is greater than 40 dBZ.

We bias-corrected and assessed summer precipitation data over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau （QXP） based on 18 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 （CMIP6）.Our assessment of CMIP6 data， conducted for the period 1979-2014， centered on the performance of both the ensemble and individual models.We evaluated the CMIP6 data before and after bias correction， according to considering mean precipitation and extreme precipitation.The results highlight the correction method's dependence on ERA5 reanalysis data quality over the QXP.Although corrected mean summer precipitation over the QXP shows improvement in bias and bias rate， it exhibits inferior interannual time-varying characteristics compared to pre-corrected data.Most of the models were able to better simulate the spatial variability characteristics of mean precipitation over the QXP， gradually increasing from northwest to southeast from 1979 to 2014.Pre-correction precipitation data overestimates precipitation over the QXP with a bias rate of 60.4%， while corrected data is relatively underestimated with a deviation rate of -13.9%.The mean bias of the corrected data from ERA5 is only 0.003 mm·d^-1， with a spatial correlation as high as 0.999.Spatial trend analysis of observed data indicates a slight increase in summer precipitation over most of the TP from 1979 to 2014， with a significant decreasing trend only along the eastern edge.Both pre- and post-corrected data generally capture this spatial distribution， though pattern correlation coefficients of most individual uncorrected CMIP6 models do not exceed 0.5.Comparing with the interannual variability of the precipitation data obtained from observations， the pre-corrected data overestimate the precipitation on the QXP， while the post-corrected data are underestimated in comparison with the observation results.Extreme precipitation is selected by determining the 95% thresholds， a revealing a spatial distribution similar to the mean annual precipitation， increasing from northwest to southeast.This feature is well captured by some models， such as MRI-ESM2-0 （The Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0） and ACCESS-CM2 （Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator Climate Model Version 2.0）.Earth System Simulator Climate Model Version 2）， the spatial correlation coefficients are 0.851 and 0.821， respectively， compared with the observations， but the spatial correlation of the corrected data decreases from 0.861 to 0.730， failing to accurately characterize the stepwise increase of extreme precipitation on the QXP.The deviation distribution of the corrected extreme precipitation data is similar to pre-correction data， with lower areas concentrated in the southern hinterland and eastern part of the QXP.The analysis of extreme precipitation contribution shows that both the observation results and the CMIP6 precipitation data indicate that the trend of extreme precipitation contribution is not obvious during 1979-2014.Among individual models， EC-Earth3-Veg （European Community Earth-Vegetation model version 3） and EC-Earth3 （European Community Earth Model version 3） and CanESM5 （The Canadian Earth System Model version 5） ranked high in several parameters， showing better simulation capability， while IPSL-CM6A-LR （Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace Climate Model 6A Low Resolution） ranked high in the mean precipitation deviation and extreme precipitation deviation.

The observation data from three filed observation stations in the east of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau （the plateau）， namely Maqu， Maduo and Yakou， were selected to study the influence of snow cover processes in different seasons on surface energy and soil temperature（moisture）.The results show that， under the influence of high albedo of snow cover， the net shortwave radiation decreases after snowfall in the eastern plateau， and the net radiation decreases by about 60%~140%.Sensible heat， latent heat and soil heat flux decreased in the accumulation period， sensible heat flux and soil heat flux showed negative value.In the course of snow cover in spring and autumn， energy is distributed in the form of sensible heat， latent heat and soil heat flux.In the process of winter snow cover， sensible heat and soil heat flux are the main energy distribution， while latent heat flux is small， with a daily average about 10 W·m^-2.However， the latent heat flux in the melting period of summer snow is larger about 80 W·m^-2.The process of repeated accumulation and melting of snow cover in each season has a major cooling effect on the atmosphere and soil.After snowfall in autumn， the temperature of air and shallow soil temperature decrease.When the soil temperature drops below the freezing point， the soil enters the freezing period in advance and when snow falls in spring， it could cause the melting soil to freeze again.During the process of snow accumulation on sunny days in winter， snow accumulation plays a warming role on soil， and the daily average temperature of 0~20 cm soil temperature increases by 1~2 ℃， which leads to shallow frozen soil melting and soil moisture content increasing.In the melting stage， snow accumulation still plays a cooling role on soil.Snow cover on cloudy days in winter has a cooling effect on soil.Snow accumulation period in summer is short， and snowfall also has a significant cooling effect on soil.

The thermal effects of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau （QXP） on the East Asian and global atmospheric circulation and climate are due to the surface diabatic heating， which is closely related to the land surface processes.This paper reviewed the research progress of soil frozen-thawing process on soil hydrothermal transport， surface diabatic heating over QXP and its climate effects， the main points are as follows： （1） soil frozen-thawing process has "water storage" effect， and the water storage index can reach 0.99 in the whole soil layer.（2） The estimation of surface diabatic heating on QXP is still a challenging problem， and different reanalysis data have large biases， especially in spring， one of the main reasons is the bias of the atmospheric model in simulating the soil frozen-thawing process.（3） The fully coupled water-heat transport scheme and the modified frozen-thawing parameterization scheme can effectively reduce the model biases in the simulation of soil temperature and moisture.（4） Soil moisture anomalies in the previous autumn and winter can persist to spring through the soil frozen-thawing process， causing the surface diabatic heating anomalies in spring， can be a signal of climate prediction.（5） The anomalous thawing of frozen ground in spring over QXP affects the surface diabatic heating by causing soil moisture anomalies， and changes the baroclinicity of the atmosphere on the north and south sides of the QXP， which excites the Rossby wave train， leads the anomalies of atmospheric circulation over the downstream regions， causes summer precipitation anomalies in eastern China.The large biases of the numerical model and reanalysis data in estimation of the surface diabatic heating of QXP limit the deep understanding of the thermal effects of the QXP.How to improve the model parameterization by deepening the understanding of the physical processes of freeze-thaw and snow is a challenging problem and an important part of future research.