Plateau Meteorology

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28 August 2008, Volume 27 Issue 4   
  • Relationship between Subtropical Upper-Tropospheric Westerly Jet and East Asian Winter Monsoon
  • KUANG Xue-yuan;ZHANG Yao-cun;LIU Jian
  • 2008 Vol. 27 (4): 701-413. 
  • Abstract ( ) PDF (2581KB) ( )
  • The spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the East Asian subtropical upper-tropospheric westerly jet(EAWJ) in winter are examined by using the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data. The intensity index of the EAWJ is defined as the time coefficient of the first EOF eigenvector of the zonal wind at 200 hPa for investigating its association with the East Asian Winter Monsoon(EAWM). The results indicate that the intensity index of the EAWJ is in accordance with the thermal contrast between western Pacific ocean and the continent over high-latitudes, which is reflected in the intensity variations of the Siberian cold high and the Aleutian low pressure. The significant correlations between the intensity index of the EAWJ and sub-systems at different levels of the EAWM reveal that the EAWM is a deep system with the in-phase variations of intensity of the Siberian cold high and Aleutian low pressure at low level, the East Asian trough and European ridge at middle level and EAWJ at upper level. Moreover, the decadal and interannual components of the intensity index of the EAWJ and Arctic oscillation(AO) index, and their relationships with the EAWM are compared. The intensity index of the EAWJ mainly reflects the thermal contrast of the East Asia regions whereas the AO reflect the out-phase variation between the SLP at polar region and that at mid-latitudes, which implies that the EAWM is rather closely related with the former than the latter. Furthermore, there exists the significant negative correlation at decadal scale components of the intensity index of the EAWJ and that of AO index, which is possibly linked with the variation of the thermohaline circulation in the Atlantic Ocean and need further study.
  • The Soil Heat Transfer in the Westren Tibetan Plateau and Its Parameterized Scheme
  • LI Guo-ping;ZHANG Ze-ming;LIU Xiao-ran
  • 2008 Vol. 27 (4): 719-726. 
  • Abstract ( ) PDF (1602KB) ( )
  • Although the soil heat flux is not a large factor to the heat source on the surface heat balance on the Tibetan Plateau, it is certain one of important factors to keep the heat balance of the earth's surface. On the gradient observational data of the surface soil layer from November 1997 to October 1998 collected by two sets of Automatic Weather Station(AWS) installed in Gaize and Shiquanhe on the western Tibetan Plateau, specially using the soil heat flux underground 2.5 cm and 7.5 cm depths and soil temperature in different depths, the characteristics of temporal variation of the soil heat flux, soil temperature gradient and soil heat storage are analyzed, the composited diurnal cycles are also given by using the soil heat flux, soil temperature gradient and soil heat storage during a whole year. Moreover, on the comparisons of observational soil heat flux to the estimates from soil temperature, the empirical formula is driven in this paper. This study will contributes to understand temporal variations of soil heat transfer and surface heat balance in the western Tibetan Plateau. In addition to, it is helpful to improve the climatology calculation method of soil heat flux.
  • Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of the Soil Temperature of Degraded-Grassland over Semi-Arid Area in Northeast China
  • TU Gang;LIU Hui-zhi;DONG Wen-jie
  • 2008 Vol. 27 (4): 741-748. 
  • Abstract ( ) PDF (1928KB) ( )
  • Under the support of the national key basic research development program "The predictive study of aridification in northern China in association with life-supporting environment changes", the long-term monitoring experiment on aridification and the ordered human activity has been set up at Tongyu in semi-arid area, Northeast China since October 2002. It is also one of the 36 reference sites on energy and water flux cycle between the land surface and the atmosphere of Coordinate Enhanced Observation Period(CEOP). In this paper, the diurnal and seasonal variations of the soil temperature were analyzed by using the observation data collected during the period of October 2002~December 2005. The results indicate that over the degraded grassland in semi-arid area in northeast China, the seasonal variation of soil temperature above 80 cm is evident and the phase variation of soil temperature below 20 cm is apparently lagged. The variation of the vertical gradient of the soil temperature has seasonal cycle. There is an evident diurnal variation of soil temperature in the near surface layer above 10 cm, while the diurnal variation of soil temperature at 20 cm is not clear, and the soil temperature below 50 cm just has seasonal course. The vertical gradient of the diurnal cycle of the soil temperature exists a period from upward to downward around one year cycle just except in November and December. The period of soil freezing is about ninety-six days. The net radiation is a dominating factor on the long variation of the soil temperature. The impact of soil temperature diurnal variation to precipitation is different from that of soil moisture because of intensity and time of precipitation. The net radiation is a dominating factor on the long variation of the soil temperature. The impact of soil temperature to precipitation is nearly a gradual change process;on the contrary, the impact of soil moisture to precipitation is a nearly a sudden change process.
  • A Case Study of the Influence of Needle Leaf Forest Canopy on the Radiation Transfer over Alps Mountain
  • LI Wei-ping;SUN Shu-fen;LIU Xin;XIA Kun
  • 2008 Vol. 27 (4): 749-756. 
  • Abstract ( ) PDF (1241KB) ( )
  • The impact of needle leaf forest canopy in reducing solar radiation and enhancing longwave radiation transfer through the canopy and the seasonal evolution of these two competitive influences were analyzed by using observations from the Alptal site in alpine Switzerland in this investigation. It was found that as for the dense needle leaf forest canopy under study, the part of solar radiation transmitted through the canopy decreases with the decline of solar angle and with the increase of canopy intercepted snow, which fluctuates around a relative high value from spring onwards. The ratio of below-canopy downward longwave radiation to that above the canopy is around 1.0 during cloudy days and can be as large as 1.5 under clear skies. During mid-winter when solar radiation is weak and surface albedo is high due to accumulated ground snow, the enhancement of daily mean longwave radiation outweighs the attenuation of solar radiation therefore the overall influence of canopy is to increase net all-wave radiation at the ground surface;during other periods when solar radiation is strong and surface albedo is low due to snow melting, the attenuation of solar radiation by the canopy dominates the enhancement of longwave radiation therefore decrease net all-wave radiation reaching the ground, especially during daytime. From winter to early spring, longwave radiation is the main component of the net all-wave radiation at the below-canopy ground surface, while solar radiation dominates the net all-wave radiation from mid-spring onwards. Although daily mean temperature above the canopy varies somewhat coincidently with ground surface net all-wave radiation sometimes during the snow season, their temporal variation are almost contrary to each other during snowfall events, when solar radiation is quite weak and downward longwave radiation from the relative warm canopy dominates the upward longwave radiation from the snow covered cold ground surface, resulting in stronger net longwave hence net all-wave radiation at the ground surface, on the contrary, the air temperature lowers significantly. During snowmelt periods, air temperature increases, both downward solar and longwave radiation intensify, but the upward longwave radiation from the ground surface is restricted because the temperature of melting surface is "locked" around the freezing point. Besides, the reflected solar is also weak because of the low albedo of the melting snow, both of the above two factors coincidently increase the surface net radiation, which is much significant than the warming trend of air temperature. The above mentioned contrary variation of above-canopy temperature and ground surface net radiation is more significant during daytime, while the synchronization of their variations is more obvious during nighttime when longwave radiation dominates the ground surface energy budget.
  • Characteristics of Topographic Trough on South Side of TP and BB Trough and Relationship between Them and SCSSM Onset
  • WEI Jin;HE Jin-hai;ZHONG Shan-shan;WEN Min
  • 2008 Vol. 27 (4): 764-771. 
  • Abstract ( ) PDF (1913KB) ( )
  • Utilizing the NECP/NCAR reanalysis data, the annual atmospheric circulation over East Asia from 1981 to 2000 is investigated. It is discovered that a zonal positive vorticity belt maintains on the south side of Tibetan Plateau(TP), due to the interaction of the Plateau boundary layer and its neighboring free atmosphere. Particularly, there is an obvious topographic trough related to the positive vorticity near 90°E. In light of this, a Tibetan Plateau Topographic Trough Index(TPTTI) is defined in the paper over the key areas(80°~90°E, 23°~26°N). The index is proved to be effective in distinguishing between the characteristic of the (TPTT) and that of the Bay of Bengal Trough(BBT). The annual variation of the TPTT is closely related to the Plateau heating source, and the former significant abrupt changes during April and June might be primarily induced by the seasonal sudden jump of the latter. In winter, the low-level anticyclone caused by the Tibetan Plateau cooling is strengthened and superimposes the westerly wind that should have been strengthened by dynamic effect, which weakens the TPTT. However, in summer, the low-level cyclone resulting from the TP heating strengthens the circumferential westerly and deepens the TPTT. Further investigations indicate that there is a considerable relationship between the South China Sea summer monsoon(SCSSM) onset and the evolution of the TPTT and the BBT. The TPTT propagates southward and the vortex near Sir Lanka moves northward continuously, till they meet and interact over the Bay of Bengal(BB). This is the direct process of the subtropical high belt splitting initially over BB and the establishment of the BBT. Subsequently, the southwesterly wind becomes stronger and promotes the eastward retreat of subtropical high, causing the SCSSM bursts over the whole South China Sea.
  • Dynamical and Thermal Character Analyses of a Heavy Rain on the East Side of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau
  • TU Ni-ni;CHEN Jing;HE Guang-bi
  • 2008 Vol. 27 (4): 796-806. 
  • Abstract ( ) PDF (1654KB) ( )
  • There is a regional heavy rainstorm on the east side of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on 6~7 July 2006, which different from the general concept model of heavy rain process, there is no low level jet in this process. In this paper, using the diagnoses analysis method, starting with heatness, moisture, dynamical condition, synthetic analyses of this process through potential equivalent temperature, vapor flux, apparent heat source and apparent moist sink, moisture potential vorticity and so on, in order to understand the mechanism of the occurring and developing of the heavy rain. The results show that the Southwest Vortex match with the high temperature and moist atmosphere condition, the vertical shear of high and low wind and water vapor from Bengal gulf transportation and convergence provide favorable condition for this heavy rain process. There is very closely relation between apparent heat source and apparent moist sink, moisture potential vorticity and heavy rain, the perpendicular transportation term of apparent heat source and apparent moist sink are main contribution item, whose local change term and advective change term have contrary change character, their common action is to minish the heating for them. Baroclinic term is the main contribution item to promote heavy rain, the maximum moisture potential vorticity comes with heavy rain, but the function of potential instability triggers heary rain can't be noticeable.
  • Research of JJA Precipitation Anomaly in Yangtze River Basin Since 2000
  • LIU Yan-xiang;ZHAO Zhen-guo;ZHU Yan-feng;WANG Jian-ping;CHEN Li-hua
  • 2008 Vol. 27 (4): 807-813. 
  • Abstract ( ) PDF (625KB) ( )
  • Based on JJA rain pattern since 1880, the Meiyu and the JJA rain anomaly features in the mid-and lower-reaches of Yangtze River after 1890 and the circulation background at 500 hPa in NH after 1951 are researched by physical statistical methods. The results show that, in summer from 1950's to 1970's, the main rain belts were located in Yellow River basin and North China and Yangtze River basin were dry, or the Meiyu in the mid-and lower-reaches of Yangtze River were poor. Then, during the end of 1970's to end of 1990's, the JJA rain wet belts were moved southwards to Yangtze River basin, and had good Meiyu, but in Yellow River basin and North China were dry. Again then, since 2000, in Yellow River basin and North China were still dry, main rain belts moved back and forth between Huaihe River basin, South China. Obviously the dry climate appeared Yangtze River basin and had frequently poor Meiyu. The synchronized abnormal phenomenon was quite rare in history, which keep the frequent drought in Yangtze River and Yellow River basin and North China. The special configuration of summer circulation in East Asia, was one of main causes keeping the dry climate in Yangtze River basin, it was difference from circulation before 2000.
  • Beijing Region Precipitation Feature and Some Statistics of Relationship between It and SHWP
  • WANG Xiu-rong;WANG Wei-guo;LIU Huan-zhu;WANG Hong
  • 2008 Vol. 27 (4): 822-829. 
  • Abstract ( ) PDF (1544KB) ( )
  • Using the data of precipitation of 20 observation stations from 1975 to 2004 in Beijing and the indices of Subtropical High over West Pocific(SHWP) defined by the Climate Center, Chinese Administration of Meteorology, the temporal and spatial characteristics of precipitation and the statistic relationship between it and the SHWP is analyzed. The results are as follows:(1)The precipitation in Beijing show obvious local characteristics. The higher values of precipitation is mostly local at the middle mountainous areas such as Huairou and Pinggu et al. and precipitation of east-and south parts tend to more than of west-and north-ones. Summer average precipitation is 72. 7% of annual average rainfall. The seasonal differences are obvious between the precipitation of northwest and southeast areas.(2)The day numbers with severe rain in which precipitation is larger than 25 mm/d rainfall is three to eight days. There is an distinct positive correlation between regional and annual average precipitation and day numbers with severe rain day, the severe rain days have the main contribution to the Beijing's rainfall.(3)Beijing year-to-year rainfall have change trends of continuous-abundance and-lack, as well as alternately abundance or deficiency with years. The summer precipitation has the weak quasi-two year periodicity.(4)The impact of the SHWP on Beijing rainfall has a severe interdecadal trend in the past 30 years.(5)About 72 percent of rainstorms occur in July and August in Beijing, of which the rainstorms are directly affected by the SHWP are 45.5 percent, especially the combination of the SHWP and westerly trough(about 95%).(6) The following 500 hPa potential height field situation is specially favoured for the severe precipitation in Beijing region summer, ie, the ridge line of the SHWP is located at 31.6°N; the west ridge point of 120°E, 110.6°E;the north boundary of 588 gpdm line of 120°E, 37°N; of 584 gpdm, 39. 1°N; mid-point of westerly trough, 108. 8°E, 40°N; the south end of westerly trough, 34.8°N.
  • Analyses on Extreme Temperature and Precipitation Characteristics in Liaoning in Recent Half Century
  • GONG Qiang;WANG Hong-yu;LI Ji;ZHANG Yun-fu
  • 2008 Vol. 27 (4): 830-837. 
  • Abstract ( ) PDF (1971KB) ( )
  • Based on the extreme temperature and precipitation data at 53 stations of Liaoning Province, their temporal-spatial characteristics are analyzed. The main results are as follows: Extreme maximum and minimum temperatures for years in succession are of regional features. The highest extreme maximum temperature happened in the west area of Liaoning and the lowest, in the east area. Extreme daily rainfall for years in succession is of strongly local character. The extreme maximum temperature often happen in June to August, and but the most of regions that the value of Liaoning happen in June. The extreme value of minimum temperature happen in January, so as extreme precipitation, in July or August. Extreme maximum temperature and extreme daily rainfall have weak trends in Liaoning, but extreme minimum temperature has obviously warming trend which is more than that of mean temperature. There are five(four) main spatial distribution patterns for extreme maximum(minimum) temperature anomalies, and all patterns have some temporal changing characteristics. Extreme maximum, minimum temperatures and daily precipitation are of some different long and short cycles, but about 9, 18 and 11 years is their the best obvious oscillation, respectively. In the recent 46 years, extreme temperature and precipitation are of warming or decreasing jump change.
  • Characteristics of Aerosol Light-Scattering and PM10 Concentration in North China
  • YAN Hao;JIAO Mei-yan;ZHAO Lin-na;ZHANG Zhi-gang;NIU Ruo-yun
  • 2008 Vol. 27 (4): 852-858. 
  • Abstract ( ) PDF (877KB) ( )
  • Aerosol light-scattering coefficient at 525 nm(σsp) and PM10 concentration were investigated at two meterological stations of North China in 2005. σsp at Minqin in Gansu Province had a mean value of 130 Mm-1, while at Zhangbei station in Hebei Province this value was 116 Mm-1. The highest seasonal mean σsp was encountered in winter at both the stations. Mean σsp at Zhangbei and Minqin stations in winter were 301.6 Mm-1 and 170.9 Mm-1, repectively. Aerosol light-scattering at Zhangbei station was more significant than at Minqin station. Conversely, PM10 at Zhangbei station had a mean value of 53 μg·m-3, while at Minqin station this value was 130 μg·m-3. The largest seasonal mean PM10 was encountered in spring at both the stations. The mean PM10 at Zhangbei and Minqin stations in spring were 82.2 μg·m-3 and 190.1 μg·m-3, repectively. PM10 pollultion at Minqin station was more significant than at Zhangbei station. As to the characteristics of mass scattering efficiency(α), α at Zhangbei station had a mean value of 2.4 m2·g-1, while at Minqin station this value was 1.1 m2·g-1. Obviously, the characteristics of aerosol properties at two stations were different, which resulted from different types of aerosol dominated at two stations. Zhangbei station is mainly affected by urban polluted aerosol due to its energy stucture and its location near urban polluted belt in East China, however Minqin station is mainly affected by desert aerosol due to its location near two big deserts in North China.
  • The Impact and Assessment of Climate Change and Human Activities on the Water Resources of Shiyang River Basin
  • HUANG Yu-xia;WANG Bao-jian;ZHANG Qiang;WANG Jin-song;YANG Xuan-xiong
  • 2008 Vol. 27 (4): 866-872. 
  • Abstract ( ) PDF (777KB) ( )
  • In Shiyang River basin, the annual average temperature(maximum and minimum temperatures) is sustaining upward trend since 1951, warming rate is of 0.22℃/10a, an increase is of 1.2℃. The average temperature is significant warming in 1992. Comparing with the significant warming ago, the annual average temperature rose by 0. 85℃, lower than the 1.1℃ increase in recent 51years. The annual precipitation is increasing trend, runoff pass going out of Qilian mountain is decreasing trend, the ground water level of Minqin oasis is downward trend in recent 20 years. After temperature warming, the annual rainfall increased by 18.2 mm, an increase of 5.8%, the runoff pass going out of Qilian mountain to reduce the 4.1×108m3, the depth of the ground water level has dropped about 1~2 times in Minqin oasis. The causes of water resources change show that the reduction mountain precipitation in the upper reach of shiyang River basin is one of the reasons for the reduction of runoff pass going out of Qilian mountain, Hongyashan reservoir inflow to the sustained and rapid reduction eventually led to the rapid decline in the groundwater level. Subject to the impact of climate change, the peak of runoff pass going out of Qilian mountain of shiyang River basin ahead of time, human activities is the main reasons for the change of runoff consumption in midstream and utilization of available volume in downstream.
  • Analysis on Character of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in a Local Severe Rainstorm of Shanxi on 060814
  • MIAO Ai-mei;JIA Li-dong;GUO Yuan-yuan;LI Zhi-cai
  • 2008 Vol. 27 (4): 873-880. 
  • Abstract ( ) PDF (1326KB) ( )
  • Using the minutely real-time data of the lightning location and the minutely precipitation data of the encrypted precipitation station, the cloud-to-ground lightning character of the local severe rainstorm process generated during the horse latitude high withdrew eastern and suppressed southern in Shanxi Province on August 13~14, 2006 is analyzed. The result showed that in the convective rainstorm, the negative cloud-to-ground appeared in the area which intensity reached to 40 dBz, and superposed with the wind shadow of the radial speed picture or the near high value area of the positive speed, the positive cloud-to-ground lightning appeared in the positive speed small-value area which was behind the storm whose intensity reached to 30 dBz. In the mixed precipitation cloud system, cloud-to-ground lightning appeared in the convergence zone or wind shadow which was encircled with 5880 gpm and 5840 gpm, and the positive cloud-to-ground lightning was close to 5840 line, the negative one was close to 5880 line. The local cloud-to-ground lightning frequency and the rain intensity have excellent relativity with time changing. The appearance of negative cloud-to-ground lightning and the increment of its frequency means the convective rainstorm influenced this area had been developing and moving to this region. The appearance of the cloud-to-ground lightning frequency peak value implies the immediate coming of rain intensity peak value, the appearance of positive cloud-to-ground lightning means the influence of that convective storm to this region will come to the end at once. We only have 30~45 minutes ahead of time to exactly forecast the local severe precipitation produced by the severe convective rainstorm with the cloud-to-ground lightning frequency peak value, but to the mixed precipitation forecast we may have 1~2 hours ahead of time. The horizontal scale and vertical thickness of the dead wind area, the difference between positive and negative speed near the dead wind area directly influence the scope, intensity and the duration of the storm precipitation.
  • The Calibration of an Instrument for Measuring Thunderstorm Electric Fields in Open-Air and Its Sounding Experiments
  • ZHAO Zhong-kuo;QIE Xiu-shu;ZHANG Guang-shu;ZHANG Ting-long;ZHANG Tong;GUO Feng-xia;DOU Zhi-qiang
  • 2008 Vol. 27 (4): 881-887. 
  • Abstract ( ) PDF (569KB) ( )
  • One of the important research items in atmosphere electricity is the electric field and the electric structure of thunderstorms, which is also the foundation for investigating the initial process of lightning. For the purpose of investigating the electric structure of thunderstorms, we designed a sensor for detecting corona discharges occurring in a sharply non-uniform field. The sensor is consisted of two 1 m coaxial lines and an accurate amplifier having a time constant 0.1 s and a gain of 10 μA per volt output. The two coaxial lines are perpendicular to ground and not grounded as two symmetric electrodes, each of which has a sharp 5~6 cm long end. Based on the sensor, we made an integrated instrument for measuring temperature, relative humidity and GPS data along the sounding path as well as the electric fields in thunderstorms. The experiment was carried out in Pingliang district, Gansu Province during the summer of 2007. The synchronized records of the average atmospheric electric field and the corona discharge current in open air on ground show that the thresholds of positive and negative corona differ only a little and the threshold of negative is lower. We think that this difference is related to the mechanism of electron avalanche of corona discharge on ground under thunderstorms. Also, a relationship between the electric field and the corona discharge current is founded by fitting the synchronized records. The data obtained from the balloon-borne instrument was analyzed and a possible charge structure of along the passing way was gotten.
  • Analysis on Climatic Features of Thunderstorm in Lower Latitude Plateau of China
  • XU Ying-jie;YIN Li-yun;DENG Yong;ZHANG Teng-fei;LIU Xue-tao;XIE Yi-ran;XU Kai
  • 2008 Vol. 27 (4): 888-895. 
  • Abstract ( ) PDF (1441KB) ( )
  • Using the observational thunderstorm data of 113 stations in Yunnan for 1971-1995, the climatic characteristics of the thunderstorms are studied by means of mathematical statistics, the analysis of wavelets and the analysis of EOF. The result show that the mean annual numbers of thunderstorm days are too many, and interannual thunderstorm variability is obvious, the annual number of thunderstorm days has a decreasing trend, its value of decreasing days is about 12 per decade. The seasonal variation of thunderstorm in Yunnan is obvious. The days of thunderstorm are gradually increasing from winter to summer, it is gradually decreasing from summer to winter. The thunderstorm in Yunnan from May to October appears tow or three centers and the centers do not move almost. The main activity area of thunderstorms concentrate on the area to the south of 25°N and the west of 103°E. From October to April, the main activity area of thunderstorms lie in the area to the south of 25°N. The thunderstorm shows the character of decreasing gradually from south to north. The results from wavelets analysis show that the variation period of annual number of thunderstorm days in Yunnan is about the short periods of 2, 4, 6 years and the long periods of 8 and 11 years, thereinto, the variation period of 4 and 11 years are the main characters. The analysis of EOF shows that the abnormal features of spatial distribution of thunderstorm in Yunnan is comprised in several types: Types of entire area, southeast-northwest, northeast-southwest, latitude and longitude directions in summer; types of entire area, latitude direction, southeast-northwest, longitude direction and part area in winter.
  • Ananlyses on MODIS-NDVI Index Saturation in Northwest China
  • YANG Jia;GUO Ni;HUANG Lei-nuo;JIA Jian-hua
  • 2008 Vol. 27 (4): 896-903. 
  • Abstract ( ) PDF (907KB) ( )
  • We compared and evaluated the MODIS vegetation indices(NDVI EVI), are produced at 250 m resolutions and 16-day compositing periods and chose typical vegetation types in 2004 including broadleaf forest, needleleaf forest, saline meadow, grassland, shrub, semi-deserst, irrigating-cultivated agriculture, dry farming-cultivated agriculture as sample regions in Northwest China. The results show that the NDVI was higher than the EVI in most part of Northwest China. The difference between the two indices increased from deserts, steppes, cultivated vegetation, meadows to forest. Both NDVI and EVI were well indicated the distribution and the growth of various vegetations in arid and semi-arid areas. The NDVI saturated in these high biomass type vegetations, such as broadleaf forests, needleleaf forests, during the plants blooming period. The NDVI did not increase with the growth of these vegetations during the period. The EVI was different. It increased with the growth of vegetation. The NDVI saturation threshold was about 0.8. The NDVI saturated for 2 months in nothwest with high-cold meadows and part of cultivated vegetation. EVI played a good performance in high biomass regions and exhibited a more symmetrical seasonal profile during the plants flourished.

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